Bloomery furnaces

Stuck-ofen, m. high bloomery furnace, -preis, m. piece price, price by the piece, -schlacke, /. lump slag, -waren, f.pl. piece goods, -wasche, /. piece scouring or washing, stiickweise, adv. piece by piece, piecemeal by retail. 

Old high bloomery furnace, 74 491 Old magazine paper (OMP), 73 128 Old newspaper (ONP), 73 128 pulp from, 73 95-96 Oldshue-Rushton column, 70 778 Oleandomycin, 75 279, 305 derivatives of, 75 282-285t ester derivatives of, 75 281 registered for use in aquaculture in Japan, 3 221t... 

Thomas, G. R. and Young, T. P. (1999). The determination of bloomery furnace mass balance and efficiency. In Geoarchaeology exploration, environments, resources, ed. Pollard, A. M., London, Geological Society Special Publication, pp. 155-164. 

The Stuckofen or old high bloomery appeared in Germany in ca 1300 AD. This type of furnace was 3—5 m high and enclosed a tapered vertical shaft that was 1—1.2 m in diameter. Small openings near the bottom were provided for no22les (tuyeres, pronounced tweers) that permitted air, suppHed by bellows, to be blown into the furnace. Modem blast furnaces have essentially the same fundamental design. 

Bloomery The earliest process for making iron from iron ore, operated from around 1500 BC until the blast furnace was invented around 1500 AD. The ore is heated with charcoal in a furnace blown by bellows the product, known as bloom, is a composite of iron particles and slag. When this is hammered, the slag is expelled to the surface and a lump of relatively pure iron remains. See also Catalan. 

Smelting is a method for extracting a pure metal from an ore (an ore is a rock made up of metals and other minerals). In smelting, a chemical transformation may be used to purify the metal by changing the oxidation state of metals in the ore (weTl get into more detail on what an oxidation state is later in the book). The smelting of iron dates back to ca. 1000 B.c.E. (or maybe even earlier), and it typically involves first heating the raw material in a furnace called a bloomery. This produces a soft iron material that can be shaped. A hammer is often used to remove other impurities from the soft metal before allowing it to harden to form a relatively pure form of iron. 

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