Price equivalent efficiency

To reflect the relative price comparison of fuel and power, the concept of price equivalent efficiency (PEE) for power generation defined in Section 17.5 is used here to express the price ratio of fuel to power ... 

Pi, Pq inlet and outlet pressure of the control valve PEE price equivalent efficiency Q heat duty R power to heat ratio W shaft work z binary variable... 

Phosphate esters are usually synthesized by means of phosphoiylating transferases called kinases, which catalyze the transfer of a phosphate moiety (or a di- ° or triphosphate moiety) from an energy-rich phosphate donor, such as ATP. Due to the high price of these phosphate donors, they cannot be employed in stoichiometric amounts. Since ATP cannot be replaced by less expensive man-made chemical equivalents, efficient in-situ regeneration (i.e., recycling) is necessary in order to reduce the cost of enzymatic phosphorylations. Fortunately, ATP recycling has become feasible on a molar scale [520, 521]. On the other hand, reversal of phosphate ester hydrolysis, i.e., the equivalent condensation reaction, has been performed in solvent systems with a reduced water content. Such systems would eliminate the use of expensive or chemically labile phosphate-donors but it is questionable if they will be of general use [522]. 

Antimony pentoxide is priced about two to three times higher than the trioxide. However, because it is more efficient than the trioxide, the pentoxide is at least cost-equivalent. Antimony pentoxide is manufactured by both Philadelphia Quartz and Laurel Industries under the Nyacol and Fkeshield trade names. 

Ratio of total final consumption of energy to gross domestic product (GDP). Measured in metric tons of oil equivalent per 1000 of GDP at 1985 prices and exchange rates changes in ratios over time reflect the combined effects of efficiency improvements, structural changes, and fuel substitution. 

Com-derived starch is a readily available feedstock in the U.S. It is produced efficiently in large quantities in com wet mills and provides the basis for much of the biomass-derived chemical production presently in the market The starch is enzymatically hydrolyzed on a large s e to produce glucose, much of which is isomerized to fhictose for use as food sweetener, and the rest mostly goes into ethanol production for automotive fuel. The several separation processing steps in the com wet mill are summarized in Figure I. Equivalent processing could be lied to wheat and potato or other starch when the feedstock is available at a suitably low price. 

Such complimentary synthesis routes or "HYBRIDS can achieve remarkable reductions in capital cost and expensive biomass carbon utilisation. The methane and wood hybrid to produce methanol from the resulting syn-gas would use 722 nr of natural gas and 0.4 tonne of biomass to produce 1 tonne of methanol at a capital cost of around 10 k /TJ/annum capacity on the 1000 tpd product scale. Though part of the feedstock is then priced at the international oil price (energy equivalent) a plant scale of 3000 tpd operating at 60 per cent efficiency will meet the economic criteria of the simple model used in this paper. 

Gasoline equivalent price is based on an efficiency gain of 2.2 hydrogen FCVs over current gasohne internal combustion engine vehicles. 

The oil gas market has a strong influence on the price of utilities. A consistent method for estimating the cost of utilities can be developed based on thermo-chemical calculations and typical efficiency of industrial processes, as power plants, boilers, turbines, refrigeration cycles, etc. Each utility can be related to its equivalent fuel value, as indicated by the Table B2 (Douglas, 1988). Once the cost of fuel known, the price of other utilities can be easily determined. Note that the prices in Table B2 are only for illustration purposes. 

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