Preservatives benzethonium chloride

Contraindications CNS disease that affects respirations, hypersensitivity to the preservative benzethonium chloride, physical dependence on other opioid analgesics, preexisting respiratory depression, pulmonary disease... 

This neurotoxicity could have been due to the preservative benzethonium chloride or the ketamine. However, several other agents, including bupivacaine, morphine, and clonidine, were also given intrathecally, so causality was not proven, even though the other agents have not been associated with this problem. 

Ketamine is an arylcyclohexylamine, a congener of phencyclidine. It is supplied as a racemic mixture even though the S-isomer is more potent with fewer side effects. Although more lipophilic than thiopental, ketamine is water soluble and available as 10-, 50-, and 100-mg/mL solntions in sodium chloride plus the preservative benzethonium chloride. 

Butorphanol tartrate injection is contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to butorphanol tartrate or the preservative benzethonium chloride in the multiple-dose vial. 

Other quaternary ammonium germicides, ben-zethonium chloride and benzalkonium bromide, have been used in several ophthalmic solutions. While these have the advantage of not being a chemical mixture, they do not possess the bactericidal effectiveness of benzalkonium chloride and are subject to the same incompatibility limitations. In addition, the maximum concentration for benzethonium chloride is 0.01%. Several new products that form gels in the eye, like Timolol Gel Forming Solution and Timoptic-XE, employ another quaternary preservative, BDAB, in the formulation. 

An anthrax vaccine contains 0.0025% benzethonium chloride as preservative. When a subcutaneous injection of 0.5 mL is given as a booster dose, how many micrograms of the preservative does the patient get ... 

For this reason, a drug product that is to be used multiple times (multidose) must contain a preservative to prevent bacterial growth. A list of preservatives that have been used in pharmaceutical formulations is shown in Table 2. However, most of these are not usually compatible with protein formulations. Some, such as the parabens, are not active in the presence of nonionic surfactants—excipients that are typically required in protein formulations.Others may not be acceptable for a particular route of administration. Benzalkonium chloride, a commonly used preservative in topical formulations, causes ototoxicity when applied to the ear. As with buffering species, the list of preservatives available to the formulation scientist quickly narrows to just a few compounds including benzyl alcohol, phenol, w-cresol, and benzethonium chloride. A benzyl alcohol-containing formulation of epoetin alfa has been shown to be stable, even when dispensed in plastic syringes. ... 

Benzethonium chloride Dispersing agent, preservative, stabilizer iv, im, other inj. 

Benzethonium chloride is a quaternary ammonium compound used in pharmaceutical formulations as an antimicrobial preservative. Typically, it is used for this purpose in injections, ophthalmic and otic preparations at concentrations 0.01-0.02% w/v. Benzethonium chloride may also be used as a wetting and solubilizing agent, and as a topical disinfectant. 

In cosmetics such as deodorants, benzethonium chloride may be used as an antimicrobial preservative in concentrations up to 0.5% w/v. 

Benzethonium chloride has been used therapeutically as a disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent. However, its use in these applications has largely been superseded by other more effective antimicrobials and it is now largely used solely as a preservative in a limited number of pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations. 

Wallhausser KH. Benzethonium chloride. In Kabara JJ, ed. Cosmetic and Drug Preservation Principles and Practice. New York Marcel Dekker, 1984 734-735. 

In 24-hour collections of urine, glucose maybe preserved by adding 5 mL of glacial acetic acid to the container before starting the collection. The final pH of the urine is usually between 4 and 5, which inhibits bacterial activity. Other preservatives that have been proposed include 5 g of sodium benzoate per 24-hour specimen or chlorhexidine and 0.1% sodium nitrate (NaNs) with 0.01% benzethonium chloride. These may be inadequate, and urine should be stored at 4 °C during collection. Urine samples may lose as much as 40% of their glucose after 24 hours at room temperature. ... 

Poly (hexamethylenebiguanide) hydrochloride preservative, casein Benzethonium chloride 2,6-Bis (dimethylaminomethyl) cyclohexanone Calcium acetate... 

Benzethonium chloride Sodium salicylate preservative, glue casein 3,5-Dimethyl tetrahydro-2-H,1,3,5-thiadiazone-2-thione... 

Sometimes, cationic surfactants have a preservative function in cosmetic formulations. For such formulations, Haruyama and Okaya (1995) proposed a method to separate cetylpyridinium, benzalkonium and benzethonium chloride. The three surfactants were simultaneously determined in lotions, creams, tonics and foams by reversed-phase and UV detection after pretreatment in the solid phase. Another technique, high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) was used to analyse 30 preservatives in cosmetic products following a screening procedure. Two of them (cetylpyridinium and cetyltrimethylammo-nium chloride) were cationic surfactants (Imrag and Jnnker-Bnchheit, 1996). 

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