Pregnancy risk factor

The FDA has classified cyclophosphamide as a pregnancy risk factor D drug it is teratogenic in animals, but population studies have not conclusively shown teratogenicity in humans. However, in a study of in utero first-trimester exposure to four doses of cyclophosphamide 20 mg/kg it was concluded that cyclophosphamide is a human teratogen, that there is a distinct embryopathic phenotype, and that there are serious doubts about the safety of cyclophosphamide in pregnancy (68). The congenital malformation rate has been estimated at 10-44% (69). 

Laucht, M. Schmidt, M. H. (2004). [Maternal smoking during pregnancy risk factor for ADHD in the offspring ] Z. Kinder Jugendpsychiatr. Psychother. 32 177—185. German. 

The risk of VTE is related to several easily identifiable factors including age, prior history of VTE, major surgery (particularly orthopedic procedures of the lower extremities), trauma, malignancy, pregnancy, estrogen use, and hypercoagu-lable state (Table 7-1) These risk factors are additive and can I be easily identified in clinical practice. A prior history of venous... 

Several risk factors are known to exist in men and women. The common risk factors for UTI in women include sexual intercourse, lack of voiding after intercourse, use of a diaphragm, use of spermicidal jellies, diabetes, and pregnancy. In men, the risks are different, and are primarily centered on lack of circumcision, and at an older age include prostatic hyperplasia. Common risk factors for both men and women include urologic instrumentation, renal transplantation, neurogenic bladder, and urinary tract obstruction.26... 

Risk factors for venous thromboembolism in pregnancy include increasing age, history of thromboembolism, hypercoagulable conditions, operative vaginal delivery or cesarean section, obesity, and a family history of thrombosis. 

Therapy with INH results in a transient elevation in serum transaminases in 12% to 15% of patients and usually occurs within the first 8 to 12 weeks of therapy. Risk factors for hepatotoxicity include patient age, preexisting liver disease, and pregnancy or postpartum state. INH also may result in neurotoxicity, most frequently presenting as peripheral neuropathy or, in overdose, seizures, and coma. Patients with pyridoxine deficiency, such as alcoholics, children, and the malnourished, are at increased risk, as are patients who are slow acetylators of INH and those predisposed to neuropathy, such as those with diabetes. 

Risk factors for deficiency Pregnancy (neural tube defects in fetus may result) Alcoholism Severe malnutrition Risk fiictors for deficiency Pernicious anemia Gastric resection Chronic pancreatitis Severe malnutrition Vegan Infection with D. latum... 

The rational use of any medication requires a risk versus benefit assessment. Among the myriad of risk factors that complicate this assessment, pregnancy is one of the most perplexing. 

A minor asymptomatic increase in liver aminotransferase is seen in 10 to 20% of patients, whereas fatal hepatitis is seen in fewer than 1% of isoniazid recipients. Risk factors for hepatitis include underlying liver disease, advanced age, pregnancy, and combination therapy with acetaminophen. Early recognition and prompt discontinuation of the drug is recommended to prevent further damage to the liver. 

Is maternal smoking during pregnancy a risk factor for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children Am J Psychiatry 153 1138-1142. 

Mandel M, Toren A, Rechavi G, Dor J, Ben-Bassat I, Neumann Y. Hormonal treatment in pregnancy a possible risk factor for neuroblastoma. Med Pediatr Oncol 1994 23(2) 133-5. 

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