Power density window

In comparison to the above results, two power-density windows were found, both of which occurred at higher exposure fields than the single effective power density at 147 MHz. With a carrier frequency of 450 MHz, Sheppard et al. (5) located a power density window that occurred within the general power... 

Table I and Figure 3 highlight another intriguing feature of the results obtained to date. The experimental results at 50 and 147 MHz have demonstrated two effective power density ranges separated and bracketed by regions of no effect. The mathematical model, applied to this data, predicts an additional effective power density range at each carrier frequency. Moreover, if the experimental results of Adey (1 1) are evaluated in this manner, a fourth effective power density window is predicted for each of the carrier frequencies. Confirmation of the predictions of the mathematical model resulting from these data is necessary in order to ensure that these results reflect a true response of the biological tissue.

E. Lampe, J. A. Faulk, J. M. Induction of calcium-ion efflux from brain tissue by radio frequency radiation Effect of sample number and modulation frequency on the power-density window. Bioelectromagnetics, 1980, 1,... 

It is essential from the point of view of high power-density to ensure the electrochemical stability of the system at possibly high voltages. Broad electrochemical stability windows are typical if ionic liquids, however, the... 

Above this energy level the chances of window damage are greatly increased. All of the data presented were gathered with less than 20 MW/cm power densities on the input/output windows. 

Also, the heterogeneity of the ruby power density cross section in the sample interaction volume caused a large shot to shot variation in the non-linear signal intensity. In the RIKES experiments, all optical elements were placed outside the crossed polarizers only the sample cell windows remained. This arrangement prevented strain birefringence from interfering with the RIKES spectrum. 

The final choice is mainly driven by the solvent window potential size which, for the organic electrolyte, leads to a typical improvement of the energy and power density by five. 

Highly porous carbons can serve as electrodes in -> super (EDL = electric double layer) capacitors. Their very wide electrochemical window allows their use in nonaqueous (relative) high energy-high power density super (EDL) capacitors. 

Deposition chambers are typically constructed of stainless steel in order to obtain a clean vacuum. Glass chambers can also be used for PLD, although they are generally less versatile than metal chambers. In either case, it is important to minimize the build-up of deposits on the optical window in the chamber since this effectively attenuates the laser power density at the target surface. The build-up of deposits on the optical window can be reduced by locating this window as far away from the target as is possible. 

From Eqs. (4), (5) and (6), it can be noticed that both the amount of electrical energy accumulated and the power density are proportional to the squai e of the operating voltage. The operating voltage depends mainly on the stability window of the electrolyte. Two different solutions are usually proposed aqueous electrolytes and organic electrolytes. 

Electrochemical cell with quartz window and saturated calomel electrode as a reference electrode was used (Fig. 3). Photoelectrochemical measurements were conducted with Pl-50-1 potentiostat under illumination power density of 75 mW/cm. At first the efficiency of energy accumulation (in the form of absorbed hydrogen) was estimated from the cathode discharge curves and from the hydrogen volume released under cathode heating. The volume of hydrogen released was measured in the tailor-made setup. The discharge capacity measurements were performed in electrochemical cell with nickel counter electrode. 

A major requirement for windows used in the transmission of high power beams is the reduction of wave-front distortion which may result in defocusing of the beam and loss of power density. There are two major sources of wave-front distortion thermal effects and geometrical or form-shape aberrations [49]. 

Difference (f/max min) denoted as the potential window. The wider this window, the higher the values of energy density and power density of EDLC. 

The ESs mentioned above consist of two electrodes with the same type of capacitive materials made from either EDL capacitive materials or pseudocapacitive materials (symmetrical configuration). In order to further increase the operating potential window, energy, and power density, a new type of ES has been developed, which is known as hybrid capacitors. With extensive achievements in this area, various types of hybrid ESs have been developed. Generally, hybrid capacitors utilize both the EDL capacitance and faradaic reaction to store charges. The hybrid capacitors reviewed in this book include (1) ESs based on composite electrodes made from both EDL capacitive materials and pseudocapacitive materials (2) asymmetric ESs with one EDL electrode and another pseudocapacitive or battery-type electrode and (3) asymmetric ESs with one pseudocapacitive electrode and another rechargeable battery-type electrode. 

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