Potassium chlorate oxidant

The mixture used for producing colored smoke is usually a cooler-burning formula based on potassium chlorate oxidizer, KCIO3 (ca. 35%) sugar as a fuel (ca. 20%), and one or more dyes, with about 40-50% content of the dye. About 2% sodium bicarbonate may be added as a coolant, to lower the burning temperature. Its coolant properties arise because 2 moles of sodium bicarbonate will endothermically decompose into one mole each of sodium bicarbonate, carbon dioxide... 

The decomposition of potassium chlorate(V) is catalysed by manganese(IV) oxide, Mn02, and oxygen is evolved on heating the mixture below the melting point of the chlorate(V). 

It catalyses the decomposition of potassium chlorate(V). Mixed with zinc oxide, it is used as a catalyst in the manufacture of methanol. It is used as a pigment, being very resistant to weathering. 

Copper or iron oxides Hot hydrochloric acid plus potassium chlorate. 

Sulfur dioxide Halogens, metal oxides, polymeric tubing, potassium chlorate, sodium hydride... 

Potassium iodate [7758-05-6] KIO, mol wt 214.02, 59.30% I, forms white, odorless crystals or a crystalline powder. It has a density 3.98 g/mL and mp of 560°C with partial decomposition. Potassium iodate is rapidly formed when potassium iodide is fused with potassium chlorate, bromate, or perchlorate. The solubihty in water is 9.16 g/100 g H2O at 25°C and 32.2 g/100 g H2O at 100°C. KIO is extensively used as an oxidizing agent in analytical chemistry and as amaturing agent and dough conditioner (see Bakery processes and leavening agents). 

Pyrotechnic mixtures may also contain additional components that are added to modify the bum rate, enhance the pyrotechnic effect, or serve as a binder to maintain the homogeneity of the blended mixture and provide mechanical strength when the composition is pressed or consoHdated into a tube or other container. These additional components may also function as oxidizers or fuels in the composition, and it can be anticipated that the heat output, bum rate, and ignition sensitivity may all be affected by the addition of another component to a pyrotechnic composition. An example of an additional component is the use of a catalyst, such as iron oxide, to enhance the decomposition rate of ammonium perchlorate. Diatomaceous earth or coarse sawdust may be used to slow up the bum rate of a composition, or magnesium carbonate (an acid neutralizer) may be added to help stabilize mixtures that contain an acid-sensitive component such as potassium chlorate. Binders include such materials as dextrin (partially hydrolyzed starch), various gums, and assorted polymers such as poly(vinyl alcohol), epoxies, and polyesters. Polybutadiene mbber binders are widely used as fuels and binders in the soHd propellant industry. The production of colored flames is enhanced by the presence of chlorine atoms in the pyrotechnic flame, so chlorine donors such as poly(vinyl chloride) or chlorinated mbber are often added to color-producing compositions, where they also serve as fuels. 

Quantitatively, sulfur in a free or combined state is generally determined by oxidizing it to a soluble sulfate, by fusion with an alkaH carbonate if necessary, and precipitating it as insoluble barium sulfate. Oxidation can be effected with such agents as concentrated or fuming nitric acid, bromine, sodium peroxide, potassium nitrate, or potassium chlorate. Free sulfur is normally determined by solution in carbon disulfide, the latter being distilled from the extract. This method is not useful if the sample contains polymeric sulfur. 

Several common acid treatments for sample decomposition include the use of concentrated nitric acid, aqua regia, nitric—sulfuric acids, and nitric perchloric acids. Perchloric acid is an effective oxidant, but its use is ha2ardous and requkes great care. Addition of potassium chlorate with nitric acid also assists in dissolving any carbonaceous matter. 

Chemical Properties. On thermal decomposition, both sodium and potassium chlorate salts produce the corresponding perchlorate, salt, and oxygen (32). Mixtures of potassium chlorate and metal oxide catalysts, especially manganese dioxide [1313-13-9] Mn02, are employed as a laboratory... 

Ammonia can also react violently with a large selection of chemicals including ethylene oxide, halogens, heavy metals, and oxidants such as chromium trioxide, dichlorine oxide, dinitrogen tetroxide, hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, liquid oxygen, and potassium chlorate. 

Chlorine dioxide, discovered in 1811 by Davy, was prepared from the reaction of potassium chlorate with hydrochloric acid. Early experimentation showed that chlorine dioxide exhibited strong oxidizing and bleaching properties. In the 1930s, the Mathieson Alkali Works developed the first commercial process for preparing chlorine dioxide from sodium chlorate. By 1939, sodium chlorite was established as a commercial product for the generation of chlorine dioxide. 

Oxidation of polyethylene by sulphuric acid and potassium chlorate [9,10] improves its adhesiveness. The free energy of adhesion of the polymer is found to increase linearly with the surface density of the hydrophyl-lic sites created by oxidation. 

Carbons are very stable to conventional acids and bases, and as a result they are used as corrosion-resistant material for chemical equipment. However, oxidation will occur at room temperature in highly oxidising solutions such as highly concentrated nitric and sulphuric acid, blends of potassium dichromate and phosphoric acid, or potassium chlorate and nitric acid. 

Exhaustive oxidation of sulphones to sulphate using a mixture of potassium chlorate, sodium peroxide and sugar in a bomb has also been recommended220. This procedure is known as the Parr method and produces a mixture of soluble alkali sulphates. 

Chlorates are useful oxidizing agents. Potassium chlorate is used as an oxidant in fireworks and in matches. The heads of safety matches consist of a paste of potassium chlorate, antimony sulfide, and sulfur, with powdered glass to create friction when the match is struck as mentioned in Section 15.1, the striking strip contains red phosphorus, which ignites the match head. 

C03-0068. Write chemical formulas for these compounds (a) potassium chlorate (b) ammonium hydrogen carbonate (c) iron(II) phosphate (d) copper(II) nitrate hexahydrate (e) aluminum chloride (Q cadmium(II) chloride and (g) potassium oxide. 

C03-0110. The following pairs of substances are quite different despite having similar names. Write correct formulas for each, (a) sodium chloride and sodium hypochlorite (b) nitrogen oxide and nitrogen dioxide (c) potassium chlorate and potassium perchlorate and (d) ammonia and ammonium ion. 

A zinc/potassium chlorate mixture is explosive on impact or friction. With potassium superoxide the metal glows. The same thing happens when a mixture of zinc and titanium oxide is heated or when nitric acid vapour is in contact with melted zinc ( 400°C). 

A mixture of silver sulphide heated with potassium chlorate causes a very violent reaction, which illustrates the usual incompatibility of sulphides with oxidants. 

A pyrotechnic mixture of sulphide/potassium chlorate/aluminium has led to regular detonations. This sulphide incandesces as soon as it is in contact with chloric acid. Mixtures of antimony trisuiphide with alkaline nitrates, which are probably used for pyrotechnic purposes, also lead to detonations. Bengal lights has been made with this mixture, which was used in small quantities in mixtures and no accidents were experienced. Finally, dichlorine oxide detonates in contact with this sulphide. 

Barium sulphide has the usual dangerous reactions of sulphides (detonations with potassium chlorate and nitrate, combustion with phosphorus pentoxide). It catalyses the explosive combustion of dichlorine oxide. 

Upon heating anthraquinone with fuming sulphuric acid at 160° for about 1 hour, the main product Is anthraquinone-p-sulphonic acid, which is isolated as the sparingly soluble sodium salt. The latter when heated imder pressure with sodium hydroxide solution and an oxidising agent (sodium or potassium chlorate) yields first the corresponding hydroxy compound further hydroxy-lation occurs in the a-position through oxidation by the chlorate and 1 2-di-hydroxyanthraquinone (alizarin) is formed. 

MRH values calculated for 13 combinations, 12 with oxidants, are given. Potassium chlorate... 

Ruthenium is insoluble in aqua regia, but addition of potassium chlorate causes explosive oxidation. 

Potassium chlorate (or other metal halogenate) intimately mixed with arsenic, carbon, phosphorus, sulfur or other readily oxidised materials gives friction-, impact- and heat-sensitive mixtures which may explode violently [1], When potassium chlorate is moistened with a solution of phosphorus in carbon disulfide, it eventually explodes as the solvent evaporates and oxidation proceeds [2], Boron bums in molten chlorate with dazzling brilliance [3]. Mixtures of the chlorate and finely powdered sulfur containing over 20% of the latter will explode under a hammer-blow [4],... 

The hydroxylation of alkenes to diols with potassium osmate-oxidant mixtures has been described, with either hydrogen peroxide or sodium chlorate as the oxidant. The sodium chlorate method is not applicable where the diol is to be distilled from the mixture, because of the danger of explosive oxidation of the product diol by the chlorate. 

Action of chlorine trifluoride causes incandescence [1]. Manganese dioxide catalytically decomposes powerful oxidising agents, often violently. Dropped into cone, hydrogen peroxide, the powdered oxide may cause explosion [2], Either the massive or the powdered oxide explosively decomposes 92% peroxomonosulfuric acid [3], and mixtures with chlorates ( oxygen mixture , heated to generate the gas) may react with explosive violence [4], Cuban pyrolusite can be used in place of potassium dichromate to promote thermal decomposition of potassium chlorate in match-head formulations [5],... 

The self-ignition of sulfur with potassium chlorate or iodine(V) oxide at 145-160°C, and with potassium perchlorate at 385°C was studied using DTA [1], and combustion characterisitics of the mixtures were determined [2],... 

The finely divided metal may ignite in contact with a range of oxidants, usually on heating [1], Mixtures of the metal powder with barium chromate and potassium chlorate are used as a pyrotechnic fuse [2],... 

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