Potassium charge distribution

Salt Bridge concentrated solution of electrolyte used to complete the circuit in an electrochemical cell that helps to equalize charge distribution in each half cell Saltpeter potassium nitrate, KNO3 Saponification conversion of a fat to soap by reacting with an alkali Saturated solution that contains the maximum amount of solute under a given set of conditions... 

Fig. 6.4 The radial charge distribution of the screening clouds around sodium, potassium, magnesium, and aluminium ions in free-electron environments of the appropriate equilibrium metallic densities. The arrows mark the positions of the first nearest neighbours in hep Mg and fee Al, the first and second nearest neighbours in bcc Na and K. (After Rasolt and Taylor (1975) and Dagens et al. (1975).)...

The negative charge distribution in the adducts was evaluated on the basis of the chemical shift values and found to be nearly 75% concentrated on the nitrogen atom. In the reactions of l-ethoxycarbonyl-l,4-dihydropyridines with organosodium and organopotassium compounds, the resulting metal-associated (j-adducts were not soluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons alone but were made so by addition of 18-crown-6. This behavior would support ionic structures for the potassium and sodium adducts. 

A tetraanion salt (84 )/4M has been formed by stepwise four-electron transfer from 4,7,12,15-tetrastyryl[2.2]paracyclophane (8) to lithium, sodium, and potassium metals in [2Hx]THF at 220 K a strong effect of the cyclophane hub on the charge distribution has been demonstrated and the influence of o1, o2, o3, o4-tetramethyl and px, p2,pi,pA-tetramethoxy substituents on the ease of reduction has been tested.9... 

The reduction of several annelated corannulene derivatives has been performed using lithium and potassium metals.7 It has been found that annelation affects the annulenic character of corannulene by changing its charge distribution the dianions of derivatives that are annelated with six-membered rings have less annulenic character and are less paratropic than corannulene dianion. 

Experimental conditions leading to good yields of olefins comprise heating the hydrazone or semicarbazone of the ketone with potassium tert-butoxide in anhydrous toluene/7]. The reason for the product difference is not known, but may be associated with preferential protonation at C(S) arising from the particular charge distribution and geometrical relationship in a specifically solvated ion-pair of the type (9), which would be favoured by the non-polar solvent. 

UV-Vis, H and NMR study of monometallic salts of 9,10-dihydroan-thracene and its 9,10-disubstituted derivatives in THE, showed lithium 9-phenyl-9,10-dihydroanthracene-9-ide, lithium 9,10-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroanthracenide and lithium 9,10-diphenyl-9,10-dihydroanthracenide exist as a solvent separated ion pair (SSIP). Sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium 9,10-dihydroanthracenides, 9-methyl-9,10-dihydroanthracene-10-ides and 9-cyano-9,10-dihydroanthracenides exist as contact ion pairs (CIP) in solution. A model, taking into account the geometry and charge distribution, for the transition of CIP of alkali metal salts of 9,10-dihy-droanthracene and its derivatives into SSIP is proposed [283]. 

A quantitative modeling study of geometrical prerequisites and charge distribution in SYBYL supports the formation of a chelation complex between potassium ion, the nitro group, and a... 

We have seen that the instability of a dopant vacancy in potassium-doped PAc does not allow the energy barrier to be calculated by standard static-lattice simulation methods. If however interactions between the host and dopant sublattices really are dominated by electrostatic effects, it is straightforward to calculate the energetics of the motion of a single in its channel through the charge distribution on... 

It is well known that the resting and dynamic electrical activity of the brain is a consequence of electrochemical potentials across membranes. Many other aspects of electrochemistry are also familiar in the neurosciences. Hence it may seem paradoxical to have suggested that the electro-analytical techniques are far afield of the mainstream of neurobiology. However, neuronal membrane potentials depend on ionic charge distributions and fluxes insofar as is known, electron current plays no role. Just the opposite is true for electroanalytical techniques—ionic conductance is of minimal importance but electron flow (current) is the essence of the measurement. The electrodes employed do not sense membrane potentials or respond to sodium or potassium fluxes rather, they pass small but finite currents because molecules close to their surface undergo oxidation or reduction. Such electrochemical measurements are called faradaic (because the amount of material converted at the electrode surface can be calculated from Faraday s law). 

It has been shown that the charge influences the distribution of the primary corrosion products, and recent work has indicated that the existence of carboxyl groups in the polymer film has an important influence on its behaviour when immersed in potassium chloride solutions. 

Another factor that can influence the environmental distribution of a chemical is the presence of charged groups. Some pollutants, such as the sodium or potassium salts of phenoxyalkanoic herbicides, dinitrophenols, and tetra- or penta-chlo-rophenol, exist as anions in solution. Others, such as the bipyridyl herbicides diquat and paraquat, are present as cations. In either case, the ions may become bound to organic macromolecules or minerals of soils or sediments that bear the opposite... 

The Prussian blue/Prussian white redox activity with potassium as the countercation is observed in cyclic voltammograms as a set of sharp peaks with a separation of 15-30 mV. These peaks, in particular the cathodic one, are similar to the peaks of the anodic demetallization. Such a set of sharp peaks in cyclic voltammograms correspond to the regular structure of Prussian blue with homogeneous distribution of charge and ion transfer rates throughout the film. This obvious conclusion from electrochemical investigations was confirmed by means of spectroelectrochemistry [10]. 

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