Potassium acetate oxalate

Plumes from biomass burning can also have unique signatures. For example, organics, ammonium, potassium, sodium, nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, chloride, phosphate, elemental carbon, and the anions of organic acids (formate, acetate, oxalate, etc.) have all been measured in particles in the plumes from burning vegetation (e.g., see Cofer et al., 1988 Andreae et al., 1988 and Artaxo et al., 1994). 

Oxalic and Tartaric Acids. — On dissolving 1 gm. of citric acid in 2 cc. of water, and adding 10 drops of a 1 2 potassium acetate solution and 5 cc. of alcohol 85 per cent, no turbidity should be produced, nor should a crystalline deposit form within two hours. 

Calcium. Dilute 10 no. of potassium acetate solution with 10 cc. of water, and add ammonium oxalate solution. No precipitate of calcium oxalate should form on standing throe hours. 

Other physical phenomena that may be associated, at least partially, with complex formation are the effect of a salt on the viscosity of aqueous solutions of a sugar and the effect of carbohydrates on the electrical conductivity of aqueous solutions of electrolytes. Measurements have been made of the increase in viscosity of aqueous sucrose solutions caused by the presence of potassium acetate, potassium chloride, potassium oxalate, and the potassium and calcium salt of 5-oxo-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid.81 Potassium acetate has a greater effect than potassium chloride, and calcium ion is more effective than potassium ion. Conductivities of 0.01-0.05 N aqueous solutions of potassium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium sulfate, sodium sulfate, sodium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium hydroxide, and sodium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, and calcium sulfate, in both the presence and absence of sucrose, have been determined by Selix.88 At a sucrose concentration of 15° Brix (15.9 g. of sucrose/100 ml. of solution), an increase of 1° Brix in sucrose causes a 4% decrease in conductivity. Landt and Bodea88 studied dilute aqueous solutions of potassium chloride, sodium chloride, barium chloride, and tetra-... 

A neat way of preparing96 the system (215) (useful in bufadienolide synthesis) from (214) is illustrated for compound (216). Bromination to (217) followed by dehydrobromination with lithium bromide in DMF gave the dienone (218), which on triethylsilane reduction produced (219) and thence, by condensation with diethyl oxalate, (220). Methylthiotoluene-p-sulphonate in ethanol-potassium acetate now produced (221) whose oxidation with N-chlorosuccinimide in 2% methanolic sulphuric acid gave (223). A previous route to such compounds was by way of the a-acetoxy-ketones (219) but suffers from a low yield at the acetoxylation step, (219) —> (222). 

Molybdates.—Normal molybdates of the type R aMoO., exist in solution but are relatively unstable, and readily form acid salts or complex polymolybdates. Thus dimolybdates, R aMogOy, can be obtained by fusion of molybdenum trioxide with sodium or potassium nitrate trimolybdates, R gMojOio, and tetramolybdates, R Mo Oig, by heating molybdenum trioxide with an aqueous solution of sodium or potassium carbonate. Even more highly acid salts—for example, octa- and deca-molybdates—can be obtained. Solutions of normal molybdates, when treated with hj droehlorie add or nitric acid, yield a precipitate of acid molybdate this reaction does not, however, take place with sulphuric, acetic, oxalic, or tartaric acids. 

Fumaric acid Maleic acid Potassium acid oxalate Potassium alum anhydrous Sodium acetate anhydrous... 

When derivatization does not proceed smoothly, the use of a suitable solvent can help to produce efficient silylation. As with BSTFA, the addition of TMCS (usually 1-20%) as catalyst helps to enhance the effectiveness of silylation. Although silylation reactions involving BSA are normally carried out under anhydrous conditions, it has been found that the presence of 1% of water can substantially increase the reaction rate [41, 42]. This catalytic activity was thought not to be due directly to the water, but to the trimethylsilanol formed by hydrolysis of the BSA [41]. Other catalysts that have been used with BSA include oxalic acid [43], trifluoro-acetic acid [30], hydrochloric acid [44], potassium acetate [33] and trimethylbromosilane [45]. The use of BSA together with other silylating reagents is discussed below in Section 4.1.8. 

The simplest non-specific derivatization readion for FAB MS involves the addition of acid or base to a sample. In positive-ion experiments, acetic, oxalic, p-toluenesulfonic or dilute (0.1 N) hydrochloric adds are often added to improve signal intensity. Similar increases in sensitivity have been observed in negative-ion studies when bases such as sodium, potassium or tetramethyl-ammonium [18] hydroxide are added to the sample. The alteration of sensitivity with pH has been attributed both to increased sample solubility and to enhanced ion production in solution and in the gas phase. 

In 1849 Kolbe said that he expected that the electrolysis of a solution of potassium acetate would bring about a decomposition into its two constituents in such a way that, in consequence of the decomposition of water, carbonic acid as the oxidation product of oxalic acid would appear at the positive pole, and at the negative pole a compound of methyl with hydrogen, viz. marsh gas. The products were actually hydrogen at the positive pole, and at the negative pole carbon dioxide and what he took for free methyl C2H3 (really ethane, C2H6) ... 

Aromatic and aliphatic isocyanates can undergo self polymerization to form stable resinous trimer structures. The reaction is catalyzed by many materials including calcium acetate, potassium acetate, sodium formate, sodium carbonate, sodium methoxide, triethylamine, oxalic acid, sodium benzoate in dimethylformamide, and a large number of soluble metal... 

Solid Compounds. The tripositive actinide ions resemble tripositive lanthanide ions in their precipitation reactions (13,14,17,20,22). Tetrapositive actinide ions are similar in this respect to Ce . Thus the duorides and oxalates are insoluble in acid solution, and the nitrates, sulfates, perchlorates, and sulfides are all soluble. The tetrapositive actinide ions form insoluble iodates and various substituted arsenates even in rather strongly acid solution. The MO2 actinide ions can be precipitated as the potassium salt from strong carbonate solutions. In solutions containing a high concentration of sodium and acetate ions, the actinide ions form the insoluble crystalline salt NaM02(02CCH2)3. The hydroxides of all four ionic types are insoluble ... 

Chemical Treatment. The most iavolved regeneration technique is chemical treatment (20) which often follows thermal or physical treatment, after the char and particulate matter has been removed. Acid solution soaks, glacial acetic acid, and oxalic acid are often used. The bed is then tinsed with water, lanced with air, and dried ia air. More iavolved is use of an alkaline solution such as potassium hydroxide, or the combination of acid washes and alkaline washes. The most complex treatment is a combination of water, alkaline, and acid washes followed by air lancing and dryiag. The catalyst should not be appreciably degraded by the particular chemical treatment used. 

Synthesis of 9-oxo-11 CH,1 Sol-bis-(2-tetrahydropyranytoxy)-16,16-dimethyl-prosta-trans-2, trans-13-dienoicacid 4gof ethyl 9a-hydroxy-1 la,1 5a-bis-(2-tetrahydropyranyloxy )-16,16-dimethyl-prosta-trans-2,trans-13-dienoate were dissolved In 130 ml of a mixture of ethanol-water (3 1), mixed with 3.9 g of potassium hydroxide and stirred at 25°C for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was acidified with aqueous solution of oxalic acid to pH 5, and diluted with 100 ml of water, extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracts were washed with water, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain 3,88 g of 90 -hydroxy-11a,15a-bis-(2-tetrahydropyranyloxy)-16,16-dimethyl-prosta-trans-2,trans-13-dienoic acid. 

Saccharic acid. Use the filtrate A) from the above oxidation of lactose or, alternatively, employ the product obtained by evaporating 10 g. of glucose with 100 ml. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1 15, until a syrupy residue remains and then dissolving in 30 ml. of water. Exactly neutrally at the boiling point with a concentrated solution of potassium carbonate, acidify with acetic acid, and concentrate again to a thick syrup. Upon the addition of 50 per cent, acetic acid, acid potassium saccharate separates out. Filter at the pump and recrystallise from a small quantity of hot water to remove the attendant oxalic acid. It is necessary to isolate the saccharic acid as the acid potassium salt since the acid is very soluble in water. The purity may be confirmed by conversion into the silver salt (Section 111,103) and determination of the silver content by ignition. 

Redox titrants (mainly in acetic acid) are bromine, iodine monochloride, chlorine dioxide, iodine (for Karl Fischer reagent based on a methanolic solution of iodine and S02 with pyridine, and the alternatives, methyl-Cellosolve instead of methanol, or sodium acetate instead of pyridine (see pp. 204-205), and other oxidants, mostly compounds of metals of high valency such as potassium permanganate, chromic acid, lead(IV) or mercury(II) acetate or cerium(IV) salts reductants include sodium dithionate, pyrocatechol and oxalic acid, and compounds of metals at low valency such as iron(II) perchlorate, tin(II) chloride, vanadyl acetate, arsenic(IV) or titanium(III) chloride and chromium(II) chloride. 

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