Pooled purchases

Calcium Hypochlorite. This chemical, marketed since 1928, is one of the most widely used swimming-pool water sanitizers. Calcium hypochlorite, a crystalline sofld, is a convenient source of available chlorine and is sold in granular or tablet form for use in home, semiprivate, and commercial pools. When dissolved in water, Ca(OCl)2 forms hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ion similar to NaOCl. It contains small amounts of stabilizing Ca(OH)2, which has a very small effect on pool pH (7). Calcium hypochlorite has superior storage stabiUty and much higher available CI2 concentration than Hquid bleach, which reduces storage requirements and purchasing frequency. 

Productivity of local craft labor also depends on the use and avail-abihty of modern mechanical tools and construction equipment. Normally, the low cost of labor in certain countries tends to cut out the purchase or hire of sophisticated laborsaving equipment and to encourage the employment of large pools of labor, particularly in developing countries such as India, Pakistan, southeast Asian countries, and many African countries. In turn, this usually leads to higher construc tion costs. The use of laborsaving eqiiipment is prevalent in Canada, western Europe, Japan, and, to an increasing extent, the Middle East. 

Thallium(I) acetate purchased from BDH Chemicals Ltd., Poole, England, or Fluka AG, Buchs, Switzerland, was used without further purification. This reagent is also available from Alfa Division, Ventron Corporation. 

Oils The n-alkane series Cg-C, toluene and cyclohexane were purchased from BDH, Poole, UK, each with a stated purity of 99% reagents were used as received. Crude oil samples were obtained from two North Sea fields one located in the Norwegian sector and the other from the UK sector. Stock tank oil from the Gullfaks field was supplied by Statoil, Norway and the other stock tank oil from an undisclosed source. Both crude oils are derived from sandstone formations with reservoir temperatures of 70° and 101°C respectively. 

Bulk procurement encompasses that medicines orders are pooled together, that the focus is on the list of priority medicines and that duplication within therapeutic categories is avoided as much as possible. This will result in larger procurement volume and will increase purchasing power. Bulk procurement can be through cooperation of facilities in a country, but positive experience has also been reported from arrangements between states. 

The second problem addressed by property rules involves appropriation, or more precisely, the inability to appropriate returns on common pool resources. Absent an appropriation tool, no single individual retains an economic incentive to invest in common pool resources. Few would purchase or maintain an automobile if they could not control its subsequent use. The market gardener cares for her trees in the spring in anticipation of a harvest in the autumn. Property rules permit a person (the "owner") to appropriate the fruits of their Investment. It is thought that society generally benefits when owners Invest in their property, particularly if duties are imposed to account for negative externalities like pollution. 

Resource costs are assigned to activity Cost pools associated with significant activities. (For example, purchasing, or employee scheduling.)... 

Hydrogen bromide-acetic acid was purchased from BOH Chemicals Ltd., Poole, England, The checkers used hydrobromic acid (30-32% 1n acetic acid, 4.1 M) from Fisher Scientific, 711 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15219. 

Oil solutions may be used as roadside weed sprays, for marshes and standing pools to control mosquito larvae, in fogging machines for mosquito and fly abatement programs, or for household insect sprays purchased in supermarkets. Commercially they may be sold as oil concentrates of the pesticide to be diluted with kerosene or diesel fuel before application or in the dilute, ready-to-use form. In either case, the compound is dissolved in oil and is applied as an oil spray it contains no emulsifier or wetting agent. 

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