Polyvinyl pyrrolidone types

Many different types of synthetic polymers have been introduced into the marketplace for hairspray use. Chemical structures for three functional and popular types of resins in use today are described in Table l-. The polyvinyl pyrrolidone-type resins are usually copolymers of polyvinyl... 

From these data the solvents are identified as phenoxy ethanol (PE), benzyl alcohol (BA), and propylene glycol (PG). The methyl ethers, which are also detected, are suffixed by ME. It would appear that the resin is a polyvinyl pyrrolidone type, as indicated by the detection of the dimer (PVP2) and trimer (PVP3). Mass spectral data suggest that the peak marked DIAZ is derived from a diazo dye. 

Safety considerations for products containing polymers are often related to the components of the products rather than the polymers, which are usually relatively safe ingredients. Protein polymers should be tested for sensitization however, such problems are not frequent for the types of protein hydrolysates used in hair care. Pure synthetic polymers (with no monomer contaminant) are generally mild ingredients of relatively low toxicity, one example being polyvinyl pyrrolidone originally used as a blood plasma extender in medicine. 

Two major developments have occurred in sheet manufacture. The first relates to concern about the carcinogenic properties of certain types of asbestos. In Britain, although most wines and spirits are now filtered through sheets free of asbestos, such replacement has been slower in the case of beers. Alternatives to charged asbestos fibres include aluminium oxide fibres and zirconium oxide fibres. A second development has been the incorporation of insoluble polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVPP) into the sheet material which adsorbs phenolic materials from the beer, especially the tannin materials associated with beer haze. The PVPP can be regenerated by washing the sheet in a 0-5 % solution of sodium hydroxide at ambient temperatures. 

Water-soluble resins Any of several resin types that are produced by polymerization reactions in which the chain growth results from breaking of ring structure or double bonds of the monomers. Examples are alkyl- and hydroxyalkyl cellulose derivatives, carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylamide, polyethylene oxide, and polyethylene-imide. Tracton AA (ed) (2005) Coatings technology handbook. Taylor and Francis Inc., New York. 

Other chemical types of addition polymers are known such as polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) (see (21-25), Schemes 3.3 and 3.4). 

Hybrid composite films enabling physical entrapment can be obtained by spin coating or dipping, starting from a suitable homogeneous solution. Water-soluble polymers, such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyacrylamide (PAA) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), are generally employed for this type of immobilization. 

Some specific recent applications of the GC-MS technique to various types of polymers include the following PE [49,50], poly(l-octene) [51], poly(l-decene) [51], poly(l-dodecene) [51], 1-octene-l-decene-l-dodecene terpolymer [51], chlorinated polyethylene [52], polyolefins [53, 54], acrylic acid methacrylic acid copolymers [55], polyacrylates [56], styrene-butadiene and other rubbers [57-59], nitrile rubber [60], natural rubbers [61, 62], chlorinated natural rubber [63, 64], polychloroprene [65], PVC [66-68], silicones [69, 70], polycarbonates [71], styrene-isoprene copolymers [72], substituted PS [73], polypropylene carbonate [74], ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers [75], Nylon [76], polyisopropenyl cyclohexane a-methyl styrene copolymers [77], m-cresol-novolac epoxy resins [78], polymeric flame retardants [79], poly(4-N-alkyl styrenes) [80], polyvinyl pyrrolidone [81], vinyl pyrrolidone-methyl acryloxysilicone copolymers [82], polybutylcyanoacrylate [83], polysulfide copolymers [84], poly(diethyl-2-methacryloxy)ethyl phosphate [85], ethane-carbon monoxide copolymers [86], polyetherimide [87], bisphenol A [88], ethyl styrene [89], styrene-isoprene block copolymer [89], polyvinyl alcohol-co-vinyl acetate [90], epoxide thiol [91], maleic acid-propylene copolymer [92], P-hydroxy butyrate-P-hydroxy valerate copolymer [93], polycaprolactams [39,94], PS [95,96], polypyrrole [95,96], polyhydroxy alkanoates [97], poly(p-chloromethyl) styrene [81], polybenzooxazines and siloxy substituted polyoxadisila-pentanylenes [98,99] poly benzyl methacrylates [100], polyolefin blends after ageing in soil [101] and polystyrene peroxide [43]. 

Interactions between polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and cyclohexanone or n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone generated the occurrence of local configurational changes. The results suggest that the interaction is restricted to a definite number of polymer sites although no information as to the exact type of these sites can be drawn. The number of interaction sites is higher for cyclohexanone than for A -methyl-2-pyrrolidone (181). 

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