Polyuria, anuria, oliguria

There are two general models for evaluating the nephrotoxic potential of chemicals that utilize whole animals. In one model, conscious animals are administered the test compound and renal functional parameters (Table 2) evaluated over a period of hours or days. Some of the urinary parameters routinely monitored using in vivo nephrotoxicity studies include volume, osmolality, and contents. Urine volume can increase (polyuria), decrease (oliguria), or approach a zero value (anuria). Urinary osmolality is a measure of the ability of the kidney to concentrate urine. In polyuric states, urinary osmolality usually decreases from control levels, while in oliguric states urine tends to be more concentrated and urinary osmolality values rise above the control level. 

Renal Urinary tract infection (flurbiprofen, meloxicam) elevated BUN (ketoprofen) hematuria cystitis azotemia nocturia proteinuria polyuria dysuria urinary frequency pyuria oliguria anuria. 

Urination, also termed micturition, is the discharge of urine. In normal adults adequate homeostasis is maintained with a urine output of about 500mL/day. Alterations in urinary output are described as anuria (<100mL/day), oliguria (<400mL/day), or polyuria (>3 L/day or 50mL/kg body weight/day. The most common disorder of micturition is altered frequency, which may be associated with increased urinary volume or with partial urinary tract obstruction (e.g., in prostatic hypertrophy). 

In polyuria, such as diabetes insipidus due to lack of the anti-diuretin autacoid of the pituitary gland, the daily output of urine may be as great as 10 litres, and is balanced by a corresponding thirst. In oliguria, the output may be only a few ml., or nil in complete suppression (anuria). 

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