Polystyrene carbonate

Another serious effect occurs with liquids which are not in themselves solvents but which may wet the polymer surfaces. These facilitate relief of frozen-in stresses by surface cracking which can be a severe problem in using many injection and blow mouldings with specific chemicals. Examples of this are white spirit with polystyrene, carbon tetrachloride with polycarbonates and soaps and silicone oils with low molecular weight polyethylenes. 

Preparation of 2-unsubstituted products by this method would require the use of formaldehyde as the aldehyde component, which gives low yields. However, the use of glyoxylic acid, either as the free acid or bound to macroporous polystyrene carbonate, results in satisfactory formation of the 2-unsubstituted products through an in situ decarboxylation <2004OL4989>. The use of a nonpolar solvent (toluene) has been reported to reduce the formation of side products in this type of reaction <2006TL947>. 

Keywords fumed silica, carbon precursor, polystyrene, carbonization, carbon nanoparticles... 

Harrison KL, daRocha SRP, Yates MZ, Johnston KP, Canelas D, DeSimone JM. Interfacial activity of polymeric surfactants at the polystyrene-carbon dioxide interface. Langmuir 1998 14 6855-6863. 

From about 1980, there have been extensive investigations of the shear viscosity of rubber-carbon black compounds and related filled polymer melts. Yield values in polystyrene-carbon black compounds in shear flow were found by Lobe and vhiite [L15] in 1979 and by Tanaka and White [Tl] in 1980 for polystyrene with calcium carbonate and titanium dioxide as well as carbon black. From 1982, White and coworkers found yield values in compounds containing butadiene-styrene copolymer [Ml, M37, S12, S18, T7, W29], polyiso-prene [M33, M37, S12, S18], polychloroprene [S18], and ethylene-propylene terpolymer [OlO, S18]. Typical shear viscosity-shear stress data for rubber-carbon black compounds are shown in Figs. 5(a) and (b). White et al. [S12, S18, W28] fit these data with both Eq. (56) and die expression... 

Lobe and White [L15] studied stress relaxation following imposed strains in polystyrene-carbon black compounds and found that the stresses did not decay to zero, but to a finite value of stress roughly equal to the yield value of Eqs. (56) and (57). Montes et al. [M37] have found similar effects in rubber-carbon black compounds. This is shown in Fig. 7. Montes et al. found similar effects in stress relaxation following shear flow. 

Recently Xie et al. [283] reported detaUed studies on the gelation rate of atactic polystyrene/carbon disulfide solutions. They showed that a gelation time exists, depending on concentration and molecular weight, and they superimposed the concentration dependent gelation time vs temperature curves on to one master curve. Such a curve is shown in Fig. 82. It appears that the gelation... 

Electrafil J-30 Polystyrene, carbon fiber filled, PS Akzo/DSM... 

Depending on the ciystallization conditions, sPS chains can ciystalUze into at least four ciystalline modifications (a, p, y, and 8 forms). The mechanical strength of sPS samples depends on the crystalline modification and the degree of ciystalUnity. Graphene nanosheets acted as P-nucleating agent for syndiotactic polystyrene. Carbon nanotubes increase peak crystallization temperature by 14°C. ... 

Polystyrene/carbon black CH3COCH3 (-2x 10- % per ppm) 600 ppm De Girolamo Del Mauro etal. (2011)... 

Sun G X, Chen G M, Liu Z P and Chen M (2010) Preparation, crystallization, electrical conductivity and thermal stability of syndiotactic polystyrene/carbon nanotube composites. Carbon 48 1434-1440. 

Barzic Razvan Florin, and Barzic Andreea Irina. Thermal conduction in polystyrene/carbon nanotubes Effects of nanofiUer orientation and percolation process. Rev. Room. Chim. 6 no. 7-8 (2015) 803-807. 

FRA Francois, J., Gan, J.Y.S., and Guenet, J.M., Sol-gel transition and phase diagram of the system atactic polystyrene-carbon disulfide, A/ocrowo/eew/es, 19,2755,1986. 

Figure 6.13 Melt Flow Index variation with filler composition for polystyrene/carbon black composite at 180°C and 5.0 kg test load condition for MR using data from Ref. 27. (Reprinted from Ref. 51 with kind permission from Steinkopff Verlag Darmstadt,...

The morphology of the silica particles and their structural characteristics are preserved in the template-derived carbons, as presented in SEM images in Fig.1. The carbon replicas, are made up of spherical particles with diameters of 2-10 pm, regardless the carbon precursor. However, when copper was incorporated to the polystyrene carbon precursor, along with the carbon spheres, a bunch of metallic clusters appeared randomly dispersed at the surface of the carbon matrix. SEM micrographs show numerous particle aggregates of metal of a few nm in size. Taking into account the low reduction potential of the pair Cu (Il)/Cu, and the reductive... 

Li, H. and A. Adronov. Water-soluble SWCNTs from sulfonation of nanotube-bound polystyrene. Carbon, 45, 2007 984-990. 

Albumin + KCl(aq), polystyrene + toluene, and polystyrene + carbon tetrachloride, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 4, 691, 1972. 

During photo-oxidation of polystyrene carbon dioxide and water are also formed [834]. The quantum yield of COj formation depends on the measuring technique < co2 = 1-2 x 10 (from absorption on Carbosorb i.e. soda asbestos) or co2 = 8.3 X10 (from chromatographic measurements). The quantum yield of water formation is h20 = 9.5 x 10 [745]. 

Figure 3(b) depicts the gel point of polystyrene-carbon disulfide systems and die plot at constant molecular weight shows good linearity. 

Shen J., Zeng C., and Lee L. J., Synthesis of polystyrene-carbon nanofibers nanocomposite foams. Polymer 2005, 46, 5218-5224. 

Poly(ethylene glycol) carbon dioxide and polystyrene carbon dioxide and poly(l-vinyl-2-pyrrohdinone) sulfur dioxide/nitrogen and water 2005TA2 2006FLE 2013HEZ... 

Polystyrene carbon dioxide carbon dioxide propane 2-propanone 2005BON 2006LAV 2009W13 2006FA2... 

Poly(methyl methacrylate) carbon dioxide and methyl methacrylate carbon dioxide and methyl methacrylate/ poly(virtylidene fluoride) carbon dioxide and poly [2-(A/,iV-dunethyl-aminoethyl) methacrylate-co-lH,lH-perfluorooctyl methacrylate] carbon dioxide and polystyrene carbon dioxide and 2-propanone 2009HE2 2009HE2 2008HWA 2010L1N 2009HE1... 

Polystyrene Carbon nanotube Bone Zhang et al. (2012a)... 

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