Sucrose polysaccharide

Glucose and fructose (CeHijOj, monosaccharides) sucrose maltose and lactose (CiaHja n, disaccharides) starchy (CaHiflOs), a polysaccharide. 

Carbohydrates may be divided into monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. The monosaccharides under certain conditions react as polyhydroxy-aldehydes or polyhydroxy-ketones two important representatives are glucose CjHjjO (an aldose) and fructose (laevulose) CgHuO, (a ketose). Upon hydrolysis di- and polysaccharides 3deld ultimately monosaccharides. Common disaccharides are sucrose, lactose and maltose (all of molecular formula C,2H2. 0,), whilst starch, dextrin and cellulose, (CjHjoOj), in which n > 4, are typical polysaccharides. 

Dextran. This polysaccharide is produced from sucrose by certain species of l euconostoc (70). Dextran [9004-54-0] was the first commercial microbial polysaccharide. It was used as a blood plasma extender in the U.S. Army during the late 1940s and early 1950s. This program was discontinued in 1955. 

Catalytic oxidation ia the presence of metals is claimed as both nonspecific and specific for the 6-hydoxyl depending on the metals used and the conditions employed for the oxidation. Nonspecific oxidation is achieved with silver or copper and oxygen (243), and noble metals with bismuth and oxygen (244). Specific oxidation is claimed with platinum at pH 6—10 ia water ia the presence of oxygen (245). Related patents to water-soluble carboxylated derivatives of starch are Hoechst s on the oxidation of ethoxylated starch and another on the oxidation of sucrose to a tricarboxyhc acid. AH the oxidations are specific to primary hydroxyls and are with a platinum catalyst at pH near neutraUty ia the presence of oxygen (246,247). Polysaccharides as raw materials ia the detergent iadustry have been reviewed (248). 

Contents of oligosaccharides of defatted meals are given in Table 6. Sucrose, rafflnose, and stachyose are the principal sugars present. The polysaccharide ... 

The above chemicals can be obtained by fermentation (qv) of other sugars. However, some compounds require sucrose as a unique feedstock. Examples are the polysaccharides dextran, alteman, andlevan, which are produced by specific strains of bacteria (48,54—56). Dextrans are used to make chromatographic separation media, and sulfated dextran derivatives are used as plasma extenders (41). Levans show promise as sweetness potentiators and, along with alteman, have potential as food thickeners and bulking agents in reduced-caloric foods (55,56) (see Carbohydrates). 

Polarimetric determination of the sucrose concentration of a solution is vaUd when sucrose is the only optically active constituent of the sample. In practice, sugar solutions are almost never pure, but contain other optically active substances, most notably the products of sucrose inversion, fmctose and glucose, and sometimes also the microbial polysaccharide dextran, which is dextrorotatory. Corrections can be made for the presence of impurities, such as invert, moisture, and ash. The advantage of polarization is that it is rapid, easy, and very reproducible, having a precision of 0.001°. 

For the most part, low molecular weight carbohydrates of commerce are made by depolymerization via enzyme- or acid catalyzed hydrolysis of polysaccharides. Only sucrose and, to a very much lesser extent, lactose, both disaccharides, are commercial low molecular weight carbohydrates not made in this way. 

Type of sweetener Sucrose, % Polysaccharides, % Dextrose, % Fmctose, % SoHds, %... 

Although glucose can exist as a simple sugar, it is most often found in nature in combined form, as a disaccharide or polysaccharide. Several glucose-containing disaccharides are known. We will consider two of these, maltose and sucrose. 

Investigation of a Polysaccharide Produced from Sucrose by bela-Bacterium vermiforme (Ward-Mayer), W. D. Daker and M. Stacey, Biochem. J., 32 (1938) 1946-1952. 

The Polysaccharide Produced from Sucrose by Leuconostoc dextranicum" S. Peat, M. Stacey, and E. Schltichterer, Nature, 141 (1938) 876. 

Polysaccharides. Part XXIX. Constitution of the Dextran Produced from Sucrose by Leuconostoc dextranicum (Belacoccus arabinosaceous Haemoiyticus), S. Peat, E. Schliichterer, and M. Stacey, /. Chem. Soc., (1939) 581-585. 

Two extracellular D-fructans, (2- 6)-linked S-D-fructofuranan or levan and the less common corresponding (2 l)-linked polysaccharide, of the inulin type, are elaborated by different bacteria. These polysaccharides are formed from sucrose by the action of sucrose fructosyltransferases. Terminal )S-D-fructofuranosyl groups are present in some bacterial heteropolysacchar-... 

Carbohydrates are an important food source for most organisms. Glucose, fructose, and sucrose are small carbohydrate molecules that can be broken down rapidly to provide quick energy for cells. Large amounts of energy are stored in carbohydrate macromolecules called polysaccharides. For example, glycogen is a polysaccharide used... 

Some disaccharides serve as soluble energy sources for animals and plants, whereas others are important because they are intermediates in the decomposition of polysaccharides. A major energy source for humans is sucrose, which is common table sugar. Sucrose contains a-glucose linked to j6-fructose. About 80 million tons of sucrose are produced each year. Of that, 60% comes from sugar cane and 40% comes from sugar beets. Example treats a disaccharide that is an energy source for insects. 

Carbohydrates are classified based upon the products formed when they are hydrolyzed. Monosaccharides are simple sugars that cannot be broken down into simpler sugars upon hydrolysis. Examples of monosaccharides are glucose, ribose, deoxyribose, and fructose. Disaccharides contain two monosaccharide units and yield two monosaccharides upon hydrolysis. Examples of disaccharides are lactose, maltose, and sucrose. Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharide units and yield many individual monosaccharides upon hydrolysis. Examples of polysaccharides are starch, glycogen, and cellulose. 

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