Polyphosphate Polysaccharides

S. P. Grigor eva, G. I. Vorob eva, V. A. Vysloukh, G. N. Maksimova and I. S. Kulaev (1973). Polyphosphates, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids in cells of Candida quillermondii assimilating petroleum under different conditions of culture (in Russian). Prikl. Biokhim. Mikrobiol., 9, 805—811. 

Oxidoreductases Transferases Hydrolases Lyases Isomerases Ligases Phenolic polymers, polyanilines, vinyl polymers Polysaccharides, cyclic oligosaccharides, polyesters Polysaccharides, polyesters, polycarbonates, poly(amino acid)s, polyphosphates... 

Other depressants examined included polysaccharides, polyacrylamides, polyphosphates and carboxymethylcellulose. None of these depressants are found in industrial application. 

Polyphosphates a. Phosphorylated polysaccharides Phosphomannans, phosphodextrans in vivo (mice, rabbits) Late/early 53, 54)... 

Polysaccharide cross-linking frequently occurs when it is acetalated, esterified, or etherified with bi- and polyfunctional reagents, e.g., P0C13, polyphosphates, dianhydrides of tetraioic acids, dialdehydes, dicarboxydiamides, vinyl monomers, and so on. Usually such compounds have enhanced water-binding capacity, lower aqueous solubility, and shear force stability. 

New Polymers by Cationic Ring-Opening Polymerization. Models for two of the most important classes of biopolymers, that is, polysaccharides and polyphosphates (nucleic and teichoic acids) can be obtained by cationic ring-opening polymerization. 

Heparins and heparinoids are grouped in Table 3.2. Some are naturally occurring compounds, whilst others are derivatives prepared from heparins or from mucopolysaccharides. Semi-synthetic compounds have been prepared by degradation of natural polysaccharides followed by sulphation with chlorsulphonic acid or methyl sulphate . The common activities shown by the heparins and heparinoids—complexing with organic bases and proteins, antilipaemic activity and anticoagulant activity—are also shown by various sulphonic acid dyes and by polyphosphates. The table is completed with a list of those preparations that have been issued to provide depot preparations of heparins and heparinoids. 

Organisms produce a number of biological polymers, such as polynucleotides, polypeptides, polysaccharides, polyphosphates, and polyesters. Many scientists have made efforts to elucidate their physiological role and function. The microbial poly(hydroxyalkanoates) (PHAs), a femily of polyesters, are synthesized, and accumulated within the cells of a wide variety of microorganisms [1,2]. Poly(3-hydro butyrate)... 

Hydrolases Polysaccharides, polyesters, polycarbonates, poly(amino acid)s, polyphosphates... 

Heparin is a highly sulphated linear polysaccharide (10.33) which has long established medicinal uses particularly as an anti-coagulant. The modification of its properties by phosphorylation of the sugar rings or cross-linking to polyphosphate chains appears to have received little systematic study. 

The chemical composition figures given in the table are approximations. Such generalizations apply only to logarithmically growing bacteria, because in the stationary phase they accumulate reserve lipids, polysaccharides, polyphosphates, sulfur, etc., depending on the species in addition, slime and capsule substances increase the proportion of polysaccharides during the stationary phase. 

Until now the most-used additives to frozen fish have been various forms of polyphosphates. These have been able to reduce drip loss, giving products containing a maximum amount of water. There is, however, a trend to reduce the application of polyphosphates in frozen fish. Other compounds, like for example polydextrose (Lanier and Akahane, 1986) or other modified polysaccharides (Sych et al., 1990) have similar effects, but the optimum situation would be to use ingredients derived from the fish itself. This could be obtained through the use of the hydrolysates mentioned. It still remains to be explained what the active components are, and what kind of profile of peptides and amino acids would be required to obtain the optimal effects. Previously a lot of work has been done in trying to manufacture fish protein hydrolysates through the combined action of enzymes and fat-extracting chemicals (Tannenbaum et al., 1974). This never became a success (Pariser et al., 1978), partly because... 

There are many polymers that are suitable for the production of nanoparticles employed for drug delivery, which can generally be divided into two groups natural polymers, e.g., polysaccharides (chitosan), proteins (albumin, gelatin), as well as synthetic polymers, e.g., polyesters (poly(lactic add), poly(glycolic add), poly(hydroxy butyrate), poly-e-caprolactone, poly-p-malic add, poly(dioxanones)) polyanhydrides (poly(adipic add)) polyamides (poly(amino acids)) phosphorous-based polymers (polyphosphate) poly(cyano acrylates) polyurethanes polyortho esters and polyacetals. Extreme attention has to be paid to the biodegradability and biocompatibility of the polymers. It is essential that polymers used for medical applications are not detrimental for the tissue or cells and that they can be easily decomposed into simple harmless molecules and eliminated by the human body [ 18-22]. 

The addition of phosphates (polyphosphates) to food affects the hydration of proteins and polysaccharides and their colloidal properties. It is used to increase the water-holding capacity (WHC) capacity, sometimes referred to as water-binding capacity (WBC) when water is added to cured meat and certain meat products. Phosphates also provide the appropriate texture to processed cheeses made from traditional cheese and emulsifying salts, often with the... 

---