Polymers with heteroatom chain

Chap. 14 Aliphatic Polymers with Heteroatom Chains... 

Polymers with Heteroatom Chain Structure (Heteropolymers)... 

Other polyamides produced experimentally include polymers with active lateral groups (hydroxy, keto groups etc.), polymers with heteroatoms (sulphur and oxygen) in the polyamide-forming intermediates, polymers with tertiary amino groups in the main chain and polymers with unsaturation in the main chain. There does not, however, appear to have been any serious attempt to develop unsaturated polyamide analogues to the polyester laminating resins. 

COMMERCIAL POLYMERS WITH HETEROATOMS IN THE MAIN CHAIN... 

In this chapter, we have discussed the fundamental mechanisms for anionic, cationic and radical ROPs by outlining some specific examples that simplify our understanding of these reaction mechanisms. Today, ROP is regarded as an indispensable method for synthesizing polymers with heteroatoms in the main chain, and is also used to complement the chain polymerizations of vinyl monomers. A range of living /controUed ROPs has been developed by which the construction of well-defined polymer architectures exhibiting unique properties has been achieved. 

Inter-chain attraction between the polymer chains determines the DP necessary to give the polymer the required toughness, strength, etc. For polymers containing heteroatoms, e.g., polyesters, polyamides, DP of 100-200 is adequate, whereas for polymers with little or no inter-chain attraction, e.g., PE and PP, then DP > 1,000 is recommended. 

Polymers with Conjugated Bonds, Heteroatoms and Heterocycles in the Backbone Chain... 

Polymers with triple bonds and heteroatoms in the macromolecule chain were among the first photoconducting polymers [8, 93-96]. The structural formulas for some among nearly seventy polymers investigated may be represented by... 

Berlin, A. A. Polymers with conjugated double bonds and heteroatoms in the conjugated chain. J. Polymer Sci. 55, 621 (1961). 

M. G. Matveeva, and A. E. Kalmenson Polymers with conjugated double bonds. IV. Polymers containing heteroatoms in the conjugated chain. Vysokomol. Soed. 1, 1647 (1959) [2, 96 (1962)]. 

Berlin, A. A., B. I. Liogon kii, V. P. Parini, and M. S. Leikina Polymers with conjugated double bonds and heteroatoms in the chain. XXXV. Linear aromatic polymers with methylene groups between the benzene rings. Vysoko-mol. Soed. 4, 662 (1962) [4, 221 (1962)]. 

The carbonation of dilithium reagents is complicated by the occurrence of gelation phenomena which produce severe mixing problems 145 146-323). In general, lithium derivatives of heteroatoms are highly associated in solution therefore, heteroatom functionalization of polymers with two active anionic chain ends will form an insoluble, three-dimensional network. The beneficial effect of decreasing the effects of association and gelation by solvents with solubility parameters <7.2 has been reported in the literature 140,324). 

Parini, V. P., Kazokova, Z. S., Berlin, A. A. Polymers with Conjugated Bonds and Heteroatoms in the Conjugated Bond Chain. XIX. Some Properties of Aniline Black. Vysokomolekul Soedin. 3, 1870 (1961). C. A. 56, 14460g (1962). 

Step growth reactions involving the homo- and heteropolycondensation of various bifunctional unsaturated monomers in the presence of transition metal-based coordination catalysts have appeared to be a very useful synthetic tool for the preparation of low and high molecular weight polymers with an unsaturation in the polymer backbone. These reactions lead to unsaturated hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon polymers where polymeric chains are formed by carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom coupling respectively. 

Two nitrogen-containing electroactive polymers, polypyrrole (PPY) [21] and polyaniline (PAN) [22], have been of particular interest because of their environmental stability, high electrical conductivity and interesting redox properties associated with the chain heteroatoms. More importantly, PAN has been found to exhibit solution processability [23, 24] and partial crystallinity [25,26]. 

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