New materials polymers

Malitesta C, Losito I, Zambonin PG. Molecularly imprinted electrosynthesized polymers new materials for biomimetic sensors. Anal Chem 1999 71 1366-1370. 

Gandini, A. (2009) Epoxy polymers based on renewable resources, in Epoxy Polymers New Materials and Innovation (eds J.P. Pascault and R.J.J. Williamd), Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, Germany, Ch 4 Liu, Z., Doll, K.M., and Holser, R.A. (2009) Green Chem., 11, 1774. 

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Zheng S. Nanostructured epoxies by use of block copolymers. In Pascault JP, Williams RJJ, editors. Epoxy Polymers New Materials and Innovations. Weinheim Wiley-VCH 2010. p 79 ff. 

Malitesta, C. Losito, I. Zambonin, P.G. Molecularly imprinted electropolymerized polymers New materials for biomimetic sensors. Anal. Chem. 1999, 71, 1366-1370. 

Friend, R.H. (2001) Conjugated polymers new materials for optoelectronic devices. Pure Appl. Chem., 73, 425—430. 

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J.P. Pascault and R.J.J. Williams Epoxy Polymers. New materials and Innovations (Wiley-VCH Weinheim, Germany, 2010). 

Wu, Z. Synthesis and characterization of active ester-functionalized fluorescent polymers new materials for protein conjugation. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2008,110, 777-783. 

With the inception of smart materials and stmctures, the world is on the brink of a new material age. Within this century the polymer age and the composite age have been experienced. These have now been foUowed by the smart material age. The implementation of smart materials into smart stmctures describes the smart material age more accurately. 

Ferroelectric—polymer composite devices have been developed for large-area transducers, active noise control, and medical imaging appHcations. North American Philips, Hewlett-Packard, and Toshiba make composite medical imaging probes for in-house use. Krautkramer Branson Co. produces the same purpose composite transducer for the open market. NTK Technical Ceramics and Mitsubishi Petrochemical market ferroelectric—polymer composite materials (108) for various device appHcations, such as a towed array hydrophone and robotic use. Whereas the composite market is growing with the invention of new devices, total unit volume and doUar amounts are small compared to the ferroelectric capacitor and ferroelectric—piezoelectric ceramic markets (see Medical imaging technology). 

Modem synthetic polymers are the subject of increasing research by conservation scientists. Not only does their frequent use in conservation treatments require a better understanding of their long term stabiUty, but also many objects, including those in collections of contemporary art and in history and technology museums, are made out of these new materials. 

The properties of these new materials are being studied. Hydroboration is also appHed for the conversion of double bonds in polymers into hydroxyl groups (450—454). Well-defined copolymers of ethylene—vinyl alcohol can be prepared (455). 

For two-photon memories, a number of media types and reading mechanisms have been used (165). Generally, media comprise two photon-absorbing chromophores dissolved within a soHd polymer matrix. Suitable reversible photochromic dyes are, for example, spiropyrans. Although photochromic materials often suffer from photobleaching, as well as from instability leading to self-erasure, new materials and host environments are under development (172). Bacteriorhodopsin (BR) also has been proposed as a two-photon memory material. 

There are signs that the use of environmentally degradable polymers and plastics is expanding. As the market begias to become aware of the availabihty of these new materials, it is expected that they will move iato niche opportunities. When this occurs, production will iacrease, and costs, the biggest barrier to acceptance, should begia to come down. Some of the polymers ia production at some scale larger than laboratory are shown ia Table 5. 

Almost all IDA derived chain extenders are made through ortho-alkylation. Diethyltoluenediamine (DE I DA) (C H gN2) (53), with a market of about 33,000 t, is the most common. Many uses for /-B I DA have been cited (1,12). Both DE I DA and /-B I DA are especially useful in RIM appHcations (49,53—55). Di(methylthio)-TDA, made by dithioalkylation of TDA, is used in cast urethanes and with other TDI prepolymers (56). Styrenic alkylation products of TDA are said to be useful, eg, as in the formation of novel polyurethane—polyurea polymers (57,58). Progress in understanding aromatic diamine stmcture—activity relationships for polyurethane chain extenders should allow progress in developing new materials (59). Chlorinated IDA is used in polyurethane—polyurea polymers of low hysteresis (48) and in reinforced polyurethane tires (60). The chloro-TDA is made by hydrolysis of chloro-TDI, derived from TDA (61). 

The third and newest modified natural mbber available is epoxidized natural mbber (ENR). This modification was actually discovered as early as 1922 (50), although the elimination of ring opening and side reactions to give a purely epoxidized material took another 50 years or so to achieve (51). The resulting polymer is a new material, with properties totally different from natural mbber, as iadicated ia Table 5. 

The real breakthrough came when chemists developed processes for making large molecules from their smallest units. Instead of the ten or so natural polymers and modifications of them, the engineer was suddenly presented with hundreds of new materials with remarkable and diverse properties. The number is still increasing. 

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