Glycerol polymers from

LB Films of Polymeric Amphiphile. Since the first successful deposition of a polymeric LB film (61), there have been a large number of studies examining different stmctural parameters on the transferabiHty and stabiHty of the polymeric LB films (4). One interesting idea for polymers for LB films is the use of a spacer group (mosdy hydrophilic) to decouple the motion of the polymer from that of the Hpid membrane (62,63). Monolayers from a poljmier (10) having hydrophilic phosphate groups and a tetraethylene oxide spacer were used to link a glycerol diether to the polymer chain (63). 

Several of the intracellular teichoic acids are polymers of glycerol phosphate or ribitol phosphate. An unusual teichoic acid, composed of d-mannitol phosphate, and with pyruvic acid linked as an acetal to 0-4 and 0-5, has been isolated from Brevibacterium iodinum. ... 

The techniques of paraffin removal and paraffin prevention have been reviewed [810]. In particular, inhibitors for paraffin deposits are copolymers of ethylene with vinylacetate [525-527,1597] or polymers from p-nonylphenyl methacrylate and p-dodecylphenyl methacrylate [773]. These materials lower the pour point of the oil. It has been shown that for oils which differ in the content of n-paraffins and asphalt-resinous substances, it is necessary to use blends of copolymers of different compositions and molecular weights to obtain optimal efficiency. Polyacrylamide and wastes from the production of glycerol with a concentration of 400 mg/liter of oil have also been claimed to be effective as paraffin inhibitors [536]. 

The most important alkyds are obtained from glycerol and phthalic anhydride. A linear polymer can be obtained by heating them at 180°C in ratio 2 3 (i.e., excess of acid). This polymer when heated forms cross-links and yields a thermosetting insoluble resin. 

Also on a PtBiCe02/C catalyst, ketomalonic acid is formed in a consecutive way from glycerol, followed by its anionic polymerization into polyketomalonate (Scheme 11.10), a polyether polymer with a MW of about 9000 and a polydisper-sity index of 1.04 [79]. 

Problem 16.56 Indicate the reactions involved and show the structures of the following condensation polymers obtained from the indicated reactants (a) Nylon 66 from adipic acid and hexamethylene diamine (b) Nylon 6 from e-caprolactam (c) Dacron from methyl terephthalate and ethylene glycol (d) Glyptal from glycerol and terephthalic acid (e) polyurethane from diisocyanates and ethylene glycol. ... 

Sepe (1998) discussed polyether-ester dendrimers synthesized from glycerol and lactic acid as globular monodisperse polymers composed of branched repeating units emitting from a central core. The key constituents of the polymer are combined with reiterative reaction steps from simple and abundant starting materials. 

Portions of the polymer derived from phthalic anhydride are in boxes. The remainder of the polymer partial structure is derived from glycerol. 

Another important bulk chemical that could be derived from glycerol is acrylic acid (Craciun et al., 2005 Shima and Takahashi, 2006 Dubois et al., 2006). Shima and Takahashi (2006) reported a complete process for acrylic acid production involving the steps of glycerol dehydration in a gas phase followed by the application of a gas phase oxidation reaction to a gaseous reaction product formed by the dehydration reaction. Dehydration of glycerol could lead to commercially viable production of acrolein, which is an important and versatile intermediate for the production of acrylic acid esters, superabsorber polymers or detergents (Ott et al., 2006). Sub- and supercritical water have been applied by Ott et al. (2006) as the reaction media for glycerol dehydration, but the conversion and acrolein selectivities that have been achieved so far are not satisfactory for an economical process. 

Show a partial structure for the polymer formed from glycerol and phthalic anhydride when they are reacted in a 2 3 ratio. What physical properties do you expect this polymer to have ... 

TABLE 7.1. Bacterial screening for growth, PHA production and polymer composition from glycerol. 

An example of the first type is the polymer made, for instance, from glycerol, phthalic anhydride, and linseed oil. A segment of such a macromolecule might look like 1-36 ... 

A protocol involving the intermolecular cyclization between acetals and ureas has been developed to synthesize imidazolones on solid support. Reaction of polymer-bound glycerol 1148 with bromoacetaldehyde diethyl acetal gives the cyclic acetal bromide 1149. Amination followed by urea formation affords the resin-bound urea acetals 1150. The aldehydes released from the resin upon treatment with TFA immediately cyclize to give 2-imidazolones 1151 in good yields and purity (Scheme 279) <2002TL4571>. 

The synthetic material, like natural teichoic acid, is a (1 — 3)-linked polymer of glycerol phosphate. A similar preparation from Lactobacillus plantarum (ATCC 8014) catalyzes the synthesis of poly(ribitol... 

---