Polymerized crystalline colloidal

Asher S A, Holtz J, Liu L and Wu Z 1994 Self-assembly motif for creating submicron periodic materials. Polymerized crystalline colloidal arrays J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116 4997-8... 

Pan G, Kesavamoorthy R, Asher SA. Nanosecond switchable polymerized crystalline colloidal array Bragg diffracting materials. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1998, 120, 6525-6530. 

Asher SA, Holtz JH. (1998) Polymerized crystalline colloidal array sensor methods, US5854078. 

Asher, S., Peteu, S., Reese, C. et al.. Polymerized crystalline colloidal array chemical-sensing materials for detection of lead in body fluids. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 373, 632, 2002. 

Recently reported techniques for lead determinations also include polymerized crystalline colloidal array (IPCCA) for the detection of Pb in high ionic-strength environments, such as body fluids (Asher etal. 2002). Flow injection (FI) analysis may be used to measure lead in environmental solid samples with spectroscopic detectors (Yebra-Biurrun and Moreno-Cid Barinaga 2002). Other techniques include ultra-fast high-performance liquid chroma-... 

Holtz, J. H., Holtz, J. S. W., Munro, C. H. and Asher, S. A. (1998) Intelhgent Polymerized Crystalline Colloidal Arrays Novel Chemical Sensor Materials, Anal. Chem, 70, 780-91. ... 

G. Pan, R. Kesavamoorthy and S. A. Asher, Nanosecond switchable polymerized crystalline colloidal array Bragg dififiacting materials, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120,6525-6530 (1998). 

Using a glassy carbon electrode modified with a mercury film, Weber et al. [66] measured the association and dissociation rate constants for the complex formed between Pb + and the 18-crown-6 ether. It was found that Pb + forms a complex with 18-crown-6 with a stoichiometry of 1 1 in both nitrate and perchlorate media. The formation constant, kt, for the nitrate and perchlorate systems are (3.82 0.89) X 10 and (5.92 1.97) x 10 mol Ls, respectively. The dissociation rate constants, k, are (2.83 0.66) x 10 with nitrate and (2.64 0.88) x 10 s with perchlorate as counter ion. In addition, the binding of Pb + with benzo-18-crown-6 embedded in a polymerized crystalline colloidal array hydrogel has been also analyzed [67],... 

These crystalline colloidal arrays are complex fluids that consist of colloidal particles give Bragg diffraction pattern in ultraviolet, visible, or near-infrared light, depending on the spacings of the colloidal particle array. More recently, robust semisolid photonic crystal materials were formed by polymerizing a hydrogel network around the self-assembled crystalline colloidal arrays. 

Inverse Opal Sensors. Colloidal crystals are ordered crystalline structure obtained via the self-assembly of monodispersed colloidal particles. Dried colloidal crystals can be used to template the polymerization of infiltrated monomer precursors. After polymerization, the colloidal template is removed by chemical etching, yielding a bicontinuous polymer/solvent mesostructure, i.e., inverse opal. Because of its periodically ordered structure inherited from the colloidal crystal template, inverse opal also shows structural color as a result of light diffraction. This property has also been used to design optical glucose sensors (Scheme 10.5f). 

Kuhner G, Voll M (1993) Manufacture of carbon black. In Doimet J-B, Bansal RC, Wang M-J (eds) Carbon black science and technology. Taylor Francis, London, p 1 Kyrylyuk AV, van der School P (2008) Continuum percolation of carbon nanotubes in polymeric and colloidal media. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 105 8221 Lacey D, Beattie HN, Mitchell GR, Pople JA (1998) Orientation effects in monodomain nematic liquid crystalline polysiloxane elastomers. J Mater Chem 8 53 Laird ED, Li CY (2013) Structure and morphology control in crystalline polymer-carbon nanotube nanocomposiles. Macromolecules 46 2877... 

Sol-Gel Techniques. Sol-gel powders (2,13,15,17) are produced as a suspension or sol of coUoidal particles or polymer molecules mixed with a Hquid that polymerizes to form a gel (see Colloids SoL-GELtechnology). Typically, formation of a sol is foUowed by hydrolysis, polymerization, nucleation, and growth. Drying, low temperature calciaation, and light milling are subsequently required to produce a powder. Sol-gel synthesis yields fine, reactive, pseudo-crystalline powders that can be siatered at temperatures hundreds of degrees below conventionally prepared, crystalline powders. 

Chemical solution deposition (CSD) procedures have been widely used for the production of both amorphous and crystalline thin films for more than 20 years.1 Both colloidal (particulate) and polymeric-based processes have been developed. Numerous advances have been demonstrated in understanding solution chemistry, film formation behavior, and for crystalline films, phase transformation mechanisms during thermal processing. Several excellent review articles regarding CSD have been published, and the reader is referred to Refs. 5-12 for additional information on the topic. Recently, modeling of phase transformation behavior for control of thin-film microstructure has also been considered, as manipulation of film orientation and microstructure for various applications has grown in interest.13-15... 

Of particular interest are reactions between molecular (solute) species in solution. This broad category may include reactions between small or moderately sized biological systems, but it explicitly excludes polymeric, colloidal and particulate species. Reactions involving exciton or electron migration in rigid crystalline or amorphous media are not considered here, nor are nucleation and growth discussed. There is, however, some considerable cross-fertilisation of ideas between these areas and that of diffusion-limited reaction rates in solution. 

Colloidal boehmite nanorods have been included in a PA-6 matrix to yield a homogeneous dispersion by in situ polymerization.91 At weight fractions up to 9%, improvements in the Young s modulus of the composite and changes in the crystalline morphology of the PA-6 matrix were observed, although fire properties were not reported. 

There is little information on the mechanism or kinetics of formation of the amorphous polymer produced concurrently with the crystalline polymer. In general, polymerization rates and molecular weights are lower, but there is no clear relationship between rate of formation of amorphous polymer and catalyst composition. Catalysts from TiCl4, VOCI3 or VCI4 which tend to produce colloidally dispersed or appreciably soluble catalysts give higher amounts of amorphous polymer and in some instances little or no crystalline material is produced. There is a tendency with most catalysts for the amount of amorphous polymer to increase with increase in metal—alkyl concentration. 

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