Polymerization unsaturated carboxylic acids

The fatty acids measured by these techniques have all been small monomeric molecules. Lamar and Goerlitz [ 125] studied the acidic materials in highly coloured water and found that most of the nonvolatile material was composed of polymeric hydroxy carboxylic acids, with some aromatic and olefinic unsaturation. Their methods included gas, paper, and column chromatography with infrared spectrophotometry as the major technique used for the actual characterisation of the compounds. 

Fluorinated unsaturated carboxylic acids and their functional derivatives are prospective monomers for polymerization reactions. Their preparation fully relies on dehalogenation procedures dechlorination, and debromo- and dechlorofluorination are mostly employed (see Table 10). Fluorinated unsaturated acid halides can be prepared by dehalogenations with zinc46-61 or copper121 in aprotic solvents. 

After the paper making process is complete, latexes that are useful as binders for the application of clays or CaCC>3 to paper for printing paper may be prepared using the dimer of AMS. In a typical formulation, styrene, butadiene, Me methacrylate, and acrylonitrile were emulsion polymerized in the presence of AMS dimer to obtain a copolymer latex.473 Surprisingly, the AMS dimer was used in combination with tert-dodecylmercaptan, so there may have been some residual odor. Unsaturated carboxylic acids, such as acrylic acid, or sulfonic acids, such as 2-ethylsulfonyl acrylate, or unsaturated amides, such as acrylamide, are also useful, providing the polarity necessary in these applications.474... 

In a similar vein, a series of papers published between 2002 and 2008 contains spectacular claims of highly enantioselective asymmetric additions of water to styrenes, unsaturated carboxylic acids, or simple terminal alkenes [34-Al]. The catalysts used are of the heterogeneous type and based on chiral biopolymers such as wool, gelatin, or chitosan as solid supports (sometimes in combination with silica or ion-exchange resins) that are doped with transition metal salts. This series of papers contains spectacular claims, insufficient experimental data, and erroneous chemical structures for the biopolymers used. As earlier work from the same group of authors on asymmetric catalysis on bio-polymeric supports is irreproducible [42], one is well advised to await independent confirmation of those results. 

Radical Polymerization of Salts of Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids... 

The chelated complex [HRh((-)-diop)2] is active for the hydrogenation of terminal olefins or unsaturated carboxylic acids. " " From kinetic data and spectroscopic evidence an active intermediate containing a monoden-tate (-)-diop ligand has been postulated, " " analogous to a known carbonyl complex. Polymeric species containing bridging diphosphine ligands were postulated to explain inhibition of catalytic activity in the presence of added (-)-diop or dppb, but not added However, proof of... 

Synonyms Acetic acid, ethenyl ester Acetic acid, ethylene ether Acetic acid, vinyl ester 1-Acetoxyethylene Ethanoic acid, ethenyl ester Ethenyl acetate Ethenyl ethanoate VAc VAM Vinyl acetate, inhibited Vinyl acetate monomer Vinyl ethanoate Ciassiflcation Unsaturated carboxylic acid ester Empiricai C4H6O2 Formuia CH3COOCH=CH2 Properties Colorless liq. char, odor polymerizes in light to a colorless transparent mass sol. 1 g/50 ml water (20 C) sol. in ethanol, ether, acetone, benzene, chloroform, mostorg. soivs. m.w. 86.09 dens. 0.932 (20/4 C) vapor pressure 100 mm (21.5 C) m.p. -93 C b.p. 71-73 C flash pt. (CC) -8 C... 

One of the most important components of an emulsion polymerization system for the production of a carboxylated latex is, of course, the acid which is used for effecting carboxylation. A wide variety of unsaturated carboxylic acids is available for this purpose. The carbon-carbon double bond is usually to one or... 

After indicating the reasons for current industrial interest in carhoxylated latices, a general review is given of the production of these latices by emulsion copolymerization of the main monomers with minor amounts of unsaturated carboxylic acids. In addition to discussing the types of carboxylating acid which can be used, consideration is also given to surfactants, initiators, modifiers, electrolytes and post-polymerization treatments. The factors which affect the distribution of carboxylic-acid groups in the final latex are discussed these include the hydrophilicity of the carboxylic-acid monomer, the pH of the reaction system, and procedural aspects such as the way in which the acid monomer is added to the reaction system. The effects of carboxylic-acid monomers upon the rate of polymerization and the mechanism of particle nucleation are also reviewed. 

Unit variability as a result of the diversity of chemical binding of a metal to polymerize ligands can be demonstrated most clearly by considering metal salts of unsaturated carboxylic acids. The polydentate properties of the carboxylate group, RCOO, are well known. Monodentate and bidentate types of metal binding are typical (scheme 18). Nevertheless, carboxylates can also act as tridentate or tetradentate Ugands in reactions with even when multiple bonds do not participate in complexation. 

Hot-polymerized, medium solids latex produced in the presence of small amounts of an unsaturated carboxylic acid termonomer, and hence usually referred to as carboxylated latex. 

The liquids used in glass-ionomer cements are acidic polyelectrolytes and are homo- or copolymers of acrylic acid in concentrated aqueous solutions (6,7). These polyacids are generally prepared by the aqueous polymerization of the unsaturated carboxylic acids using ammonium persulphate as initiator and isopropyl alcohol as the chain transfer agent. Tartaric acid is generally added to the liquids to sharpen the setting of their cement (8). Examples of the liquids used in ionomer cement formulations are given in Table 1. 

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