Polymer solutions properties

Reciprocals of the critical temperatures, i.e., the maxima in curves such as those in Fig. 121, are plotted in Fig. 122 against the function l/x +l/2x, which is very nearly 1/x when x is large. The upper line represents polystyrene in cyclohexane and the lower one polyisobutylene in diisobutyl ketone. Both are accurately linear within experimental error. This is typical of polymer-solvent systems exhibiting limited miscibility. The intercepts represent 0. Values obtained in this manner agree within experimental error (<1°) with those derived from osmotic measurements, taking 0 to be the temperature at which A2 is zero (see Chap. XII). Precipitation measurements carried out on a series of fractions offer a relatively simple method for accurate determination of this critical temperature, which occupies an important role in the treatment of various polymer solution properties. 

A ternary system consisting of two polymer species of the same kind having different molecular weights and a solvent is the simplest case of polydisperse polymer solutions. Therefore, it is a prototype for investigating polydispersity effects on polymer solution properties. In 1978, Abe and Flory [74] studied theoretically the phase behavior in ternary solutions of rodlike polymers using the Flory lattice theory [3], Subsequently, ternary phase diagrams have been measured for several stiff-chain polymer solution systems, and work [6,17] has been done to improve the Abe-Flory theory. 

AmjadZ (1998) Water soluble Polymers Solution Properties and Application, Plenum Press 1998, ISBN 0-306-45931-0... 

H. Yamakawa, Modem Theory of Polymer Solutions, Harper Row, NY (1971). (Thorough statistical thermodynamic treatment of polymer solution properties.)... 

The lattice theories have introduced very naturally the volume concentration of polymer molecules and the entire polymer solution properties have been described in terms of this volume concentration. It is convenient to use this quantity because expansions in the volume concentration converge rather rapidly in the case of pol3oner solutions as compared with expansions in other concentrations. In the general theory of solution, however, the volume of a polymer or of a solvent molecule is given only thror h the molecular potentials. Nevertheless, without using the potentials we shall define by Eq. (4.1) a quantity

[Pg.247]

Prediction of Polymer Solution Properties from a Model of Chain Conformations and Interactions... 

Douglas, J.F. Roovers, J. Freed, K.F. Characterization of branching architecture through Universal ratios of polymer solution properties. Macromolecules 1990, 23, 4168 180. 

This chapter first introduces different types of polymers and polymer-related profile confrol systems used in enhanced oil recovery (EOR), although the list is in no way comprehensive. Then the chapter discusses several polymers developed in China, especially those used in field tests. Then it focuses on the polymer solution properties and polymer flow behavior in porous media. Numerous special subjects regarding polymer flooding (PF) are discussed, and field pilot tests and application cases are presented. Finally, the chapter summarizes the field experience and learning of polymer flooding. 

An interesting result obtained recently shows that the substrate employed may dictate the surface (polymer/solution) properties of even relatively thick polymers.39 For example, with polymers grown from dodecyl sulfate (DS)-containing electrolytes, the nature of the substrate used dictated the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity of the conducting polymer-solution interface. Polymers grown on a carbon-foil substrate shown to be hydrophobic produced a more hydrophilic polymer surface. Finally, those grown on platinum, a more hydrophilic substrate, produce a more hydrophobic polymer. 

Because the level of hydrophobic monomer in the feed is usually low (<1 mol %), no analysis has been successful in measuring hydrophobe incorporation into the polymer. To date, hydrophobe incorporation has been inferred on the basis of a comparison of hydrophobe-containing polymer solution properties to those of corresponding polymers with no hydrophobe. The subject of this chapter is to present recent results obtained with a technique developed to quantitatively determine the incorporation of hydrophobic monomer into a water-soluble polymer. 

The third part of the book deals with the properties and applications of polymers. It starts with a discussion of polymer solution properties through the mechanical properties of polymers and concludes with an overview of the various applications of polymer materials solids. The viscoelastic nature of polymers is also treated. This section also includes a discussion of polymer fracture. The effects of various molecular and environmental factors on mechanical properties are examined. 

The following parameters and processing variables affect the electrospinning process (i) system parameters such as molecular weight, molecular weight distribution and architecture (branched, linear, etc.) of the polymer, and polymer solution properties (viscosity, conductivity, dielectric constant, and surface tension, charge carried by the spinning jet) and (ii) process parameters such as electric potential, flow rate and concentration, distance between the capillary and collection screen, ambient parameters... 

KI1 Kim, M.G., Nieh, W.L., Sellers, T., Wilson, W.W., and Mays, J.W., Polymer solution properties of a phenol-formaldehyde resol resin by gel permeation ehromatography, intrinsic viscosity, static hght scattering, and vapor pressure osmometric methods,/wJ. Eng. Chem. Res., 31, 973,1992. 

J. J. Hermans (ed.). Polymer Solution Properties, Part I, Statistics and Thermodynamics, Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsbury, Pennsylvania, 1978. 

Amjad Z (2002) Water soluble polymers - solution properties and applications. Kluwer Academic, New York... 

In the case of evaporation of the solvent, the extruded polymer solution properties inside the spinning zone would vary in relation to the original properties of the solutions taken and would, therefore, correlate with the original concentration and molecular weight of the original polymer solution. Figure 1.8 shows the relationship of nanofiber diameter against the Berry number, which is the product of... 

Equation-of-state approaches are preferred concepts for a quantitative representation of polymer solution properties. They are able to correlate experimental VLE data over wide ranges of pressure and temperature and allow for physically meaningful extrapolation of experimental data into unmeasured regions of interest for application. Based on the experience of the author about the application of the COR equation-of-state model to many polymer-solvent systems, it is possible, for example, to measure some vapor pressures at temperatures between 50 and 100 C and concentrations between 50 and 80 wt% polymer by isopiestic sorption together with some infinite dilution data (limiting activity coefficients, Henry s constants) at temperatures between 100 and 200 C by IGC and then to calculate the complete vapor-liquid equilibrium region between room temperature and about 350 C, pressures between 0.1 mbar and 10 bar, and solvent concentration between the common polymer solution of about 75-95 wt% solvent and the ppm-region where the final solvent and/or monomer devolatilization process takes place. Equivalent results can be obtained with any other comparable equation of state model like PHC, SAFT, PHSC, etc. 

A collection of classic papers is given in Hermans, J. J., (ed.) Polymer Solutions Properties II, Hydrodynamics and Light Scattering. Dowden Hutchinson Ross Inc., Stroudsburg, Pa. (1978). Also a history of the development of the theory of suspensions is described in Frisch, H. L., and Simha, R., The viscosity of colloidal suspensions and macromolecular solutions, in Rheology Vol 1 (ed. F. R. Eiiidi). Academic Press, New York (1956). 

The purpose of this discussion is to draw attention to some of the shortcomings of relying on viscosity measurements, and to suggest additional tests that can be used to more completely define polymer solution properties. Specifically, this text will focus on polymer solvation (hydration), functionality, and degradation. The discussion will also relate to the shortcomings of relying solely on viscosity measurements, and how additional tests can lead to the selection of the optimum polymer for a specific application. 

This chapter extends the survey of literature of dilute and semi-dilute polymer solution properties - both theoretical and experimental aspects - begun in Part I of this series, to include literature appearing in the years 1979 and 1980. Our brief, introduced only shortly here, is to examine those aspects of the above properties that depend on the shape and size of polymer molecules, but not specifically upon their chemical nature. Some of the topics examined here will, judging by experience gained with the first volume, also appear in other chapters of this volume. In particular, reference should be made to the chapters covering neutron scattering (11), polymer characterization (12), and computer applications (19). 

Polymer Solution Properties, Part II - Hydrodynamics and Light Scattering , ed. J. J. Hermans, Dowden, Hutchison and Ross Inc., Stroudsburg, Pa, 1978. 

Properties of polymer solution Properties of solid polymer... 

Properties of the Bulk Polymer.—Solution Properties and Molecular Weight Studies. The interaction of 2GT with binary mixtures of chlorinated hydrocarbons has been described and inverse gas-chromatography has been used to study the interaction of organic liquids with 2GT. ... 

---