Polymer electrolytes classification

Polymer electrolytes intended for applications in lithium-based cells could be roughly divided into two major classifications (1) those based on neat high polymers, which serve as both solvent to dissolve lithium salts and mechanical matrix to support... 

Ionic conductivity is a crucial parameter in the classification of polyether/PMMA/ LiCFjSO) systems for use as polym electrolytes in electrochromic "smart windows". For liquid samples (6 and 13vol% of PMMA) conductivities were even high than for pure PEG CF3S03 system (sample PO) and exceeded 10 S/cm at 25" C (Table 1). Conductivity is observed to increase (up to 10 S/cm at around lOCf Q with increase in temperature. In the temperature range 20" C to 10(T C the temperature dependence of cmKluctivity of the blend based electrolytes is VTF and follows... 

Fuel cells are usually classified by the electrolyte employed in the cell. An exception to this classification is DMFC (direct methanol fuel cell) that is a fuel cell in which methanol is directly fed to the anode. The electrolyte of this cell does not determine the class. The operating temperature for each of the fuel cells can also determine the class. There are, thus, low- and high-temperature fuel cells. Low-temperature fuel cells are alkaline fuel cells (AFCs), polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), DMFC, and phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFCs). The high-temperature fuel cells operate at temperatures —600-1000 °C and two different types have been developed, molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC) and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). AU types of fuel cells are presented in the following sections in order of increasing operating temperature. An overview of the fuel cell types is given in Table 1.1 [1,5-7]. 

Classification of polymer electrolytes. (From Wu, Y.P. et al.. Lithium Ion Batteries Practice and Applications, Chemical Industry Press, Beijing, 2011.)... 

In this chapter, we adopt a somewhat different classification scheme (by Wright ) based upon four distinct mechanisms for ion transport and provide a review of the most recent research developments in each case. In general, polymer electrolyte strategies currently being pursued exploit one of the following mechanisms for ion mobility ... 

This is also called the Solid Polymer Fuel Cell (SPFQ and the Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) is included in this classification. These cells use a solid perfluorinated sulfonated polymer ion exchange membrane (e.g. DuPont Nafion) [65] in the form of a thin plastic film, which serves as the electrolyte in the PEM fuel cell operating at 50-100°C. 

Class D. The class of engineered assemblies includes systems that do not spontaneously form ordered structures under normal conditions. Their classification as SPs can be justified since elements of supramolecular interaction stfil assist the final organization. Some examples are layered assembly of complementary poly electrolytes obtained by stepwise deposition under kinetic control (cf. Chapter 19), and polymer brushes prepared by grafting a polymer chain over a SAM of an initiator [6]. Both approaches allow a fine-tuning of surface properties and patterning possibilities. Tailored performance in applications, such as biocompatibility, biocatalysis, integrated optics and electronics have been considered. Additional differences between self-assembled and engineered SPs are discussed in Section I.C. 

Techniques of modem electrophoresis applied to biological polymers are similar to those of modem liquid chromatography. An apparatus of modem liquid chromatography consists of three basic parts the eluent (mobile phase), the column (stationary phase), and the detector. Likewise, an apparatus of electrophoresis consists of three basic parts the electrolyte buffer, the supporting medium, and the mode of detectors. The classification of electrophoresis is in general based on the choice of the three fundamental parts, particularly the supporting medium. 

Plasticizers can also be used for classification, which is rarely done since the plasticizers are mainly the organic electrolyte discussed in Chapter 9. In this chapter, the discussion will be based on the polymer matrix. 

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