Polymers capacity

Polylactide (PLA) is the leading polymer type among biodegradables with global production capacity for this material amounting to about 250,000 tonnes per annum in 2005. Starch-based polymer capacity is approaching 60,000 tonnes per annum. 

Entry Template Polymer Capacity factors Theophylline Theobromine Caffeine... 

Dewatering polymers capacity 1 to 1.5 kg/s power 200 increasing to 450 kJ/kg as capacity increases. Related topics are dryer (Section 16.11.5.5), screens (Section 16.11.5.6), and centrifngal filters (Section 16.11.5.12). 

Biobased polymer Capacity (tons) Percentage of market... 

The value in the case of ZD defines polymer drawing beginning, that is, local plasticity zone formation beginning. Therefore, in practice this stress can be assumed as polymer capacity for work upper boundary [1]. 

In the above ECP-based supercapacitors, the polymer capacity is determined entirely by the electrochemical reaction of the n-conjugated systems. Naoi et al. [52] are pursuing a new polymer engineering strategy to combine the redox process of the Ji-conjugated system with that of other high specific-capacity electroactive moieties. They have demonstrated that an electroactive moiety such as quinone (Q/Q 7Q ), when condensed between two aniline moieties, yields a polymer, poly-(l,5-diaminoanthraquinone). 

Liquid- and vapor-phase processes have been described the latter appear to be advantageous. Supported cadmium, zinc, or mercury salts are used as catalysts. In 1963 it was estimated that 85% of U.S. vinyl acetate capacity was based on acetylene, but it has been completely replaced since about 1982 by newer technology using oxidative addition of acetic acid to ethylene (2) (see Vinyl polymers). In western Europe production of vinyl acetate from acetylene stiU remains a significant commercial route. 

Once the principal route to vinyl chloride, in all but a few percent of current U.S. capacity this has been replaced by dehydrochlorination of ethylene dichloride. A combined process in which hydrogen chloride cracked from ethylene dichloride was added to acetylene was advantageous but it is rarely used because processes to oxidize hydrogen chloride to chlorine with air or oxygen are cheaper (7) (see Vinyl polymers). 

The glass-transition temperature, T, of dry polyester is approximately 70°C and is slightly reduced ia water. The glass-transitioa temperatures of copolyesters are affected by both the amouat and chemical nature of the comonomer (32,47). Other thermal properties, including heat capacity and thermal conductivity, depend on the state of the polymer and are summarized ia Table 2. 

Physical Dilution. The flame retardant can also act as a thermal sink, increasing the heat capacity of the polymer or reducing the fuel content to a level below the lower limit of flammabiHty. Inert fillers such as glass fibers and microspheres and minerals such as talc act by this mechanism. 

In Western Europe, the CPC producers are equally varied. The following is a partial Hst of the larger companies with total CPC production capacity (10 t) at all sites shown in parentheses Atochem SA (148.5, Prance and Spain), Hoescht AG (102.0, Germany), KaH-Chemie AG (66.0, Germany and Spain), Montefluos SpA (100.0, Italy), and ICI Chemicals and Polymers Ltd. (>113.6, United Kingdom). These producers account for over 80% of the Western European CPC production. 

The uniqueness of methyl methacrylate as a plastic component accounts for its industrial use in this capacity, and it far exceeds the combined volume of all of the other methacrylates. In addition to plastics, the various methacrylate polymers also find appHcation in sizable markets as diverse as lubricating oil additives, surface coatings (qv), impregnates, adhesives (qv), binders, sealers (see Sealants), and floor poHshes. It is impossible to segregate the total methacrylate polymer market because many of the polymers produced are copolymers with acrylates and other monomers. The total 1991 production capacity of methyl methacrylate in the United States was estimated at 585,000 t/yr. The worldwide production in 1991 was estimated at about 1,785,000 t/yr (3). 

---