Polymer-bound dyes

AMINO ACID DERIVATIVES, [NP(NHCH3)2]n MIXED SUBSTITUENT ARYLAMINO AND ALKOXY DERIVATIVES POLYMERIZATION OF ORCANO-HALO TRIMERS POLYMER-BOUND DYES... 

It was our intention when this new work began to outline, more fully, the effect of the polymeric structure on the effectiveness of rose bengal as a photosensitizer and to compare the behavior of the polymer-bound dye to the behavior of the dye - free - in solution. In the present paper, therefore, we report on the photochemical and spectral properties of new singlet oxygen sensitizers based on soluble polystyrenes. These new derivatives are referred to as P -RB. 

Bottom anti reflection coatings with polymer-bound dyes that are polymeric at spin-on (VIII). (After R. Dammel. )... 

When such dye molecules are chemically bound to a macromolecule, be it the actual fibers of the textile or a secondary polymeric vehicle that strongly adheres to the fibers, significant enhancement of the fastness of the dyes result. Subsequent to this observation, many other applications of polymer bound dyes have been documented and some of these results will be described in the following pages. 

A significant impact has been made by resesurchers at Dynapol in the area of polymer bound dyes as nonabsorbable food colorants. The hi molecular weights of the colorants prevent their absorption from the gastrointestinal tract and toxicity problems are avoided. 3 The general procedure for preparing many of these macromolecular dyes is the reaction between a nucleophilic polymer, preferably polyvinylamine, with bromoanthraqulnones,catalyzed by Cu(l). 

Four useful cc K>nomers are the methacrylate esters shown below. To help in understanding their spectroscopic behaviour, we found it useful to examine also the corresponding pivalate esters as models for the polymer-bound dye molecules (see above). 

The binding of 9-aminoacridine to calf thymus DNA has been studied at low ratios of dye/polymer [87]. Once the dye concentration levels were increased to the point where bound dye molecules could interact with each other, the spectra could be interpreted in terms of exciton coupling. In another system involving the same intercalation system [88], the observed spectra were deconvoluted into contributions from three n- w transitions and the dipole and rotatory strengths of one long-axis and one short-axis polarized transition were determined for each intercalating species. Through comparison of the experimental results with those of theoretical calculations on the induced CD, it proved to be possible to draw several conclusions about the nature of the intercalated species ... 

Creed, 1978a). It was found that as the charge-transfer character in the transition state increased the rate constant for cycloaddition decreased. The oxidation of crystal violet to its cation radical can be initiated by reaction of the dye with the excited singlet states of many polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. This reaction was found to be far less efficient for polymer-bound pyrene than for free pyrene and this was attributed to excimer formation occurring in the polymer system which ultimately led to energy wastage (Tazuke et al., 1979). 

Amylase isoenzymes are detected after separation over an isoelectric pH gradient. They then diffuse into an overlying, insoluble starch polymer containing a covalently bound dye. Release of the dye indicates where the isoenzymes are on the gel. Salivary and pancreatic amylases are secreted into blood as well as saliva and small intestine and each accounts for about half the amylase content of blood plasma. More recently, monoclonal antibodies specific for human salivary amylase have facilitated the measurement of amylases in serum during salivary gland malfunction, and facilitated the differentiation of salivary from pancreatic amylases (Fig. 12.13). 

An important consideration in catalyst, reagent or substrate recovery is measuring and verifying how effective such recovery actually is. While we have modeled such recovery using dye-modified polymers, analyses of catalysts typically requires additional analytical work. For example, ICP analysis for residual metal can be used as a quantitative and sensitive assay. Such assays are however more problematic with non-metallic catalysts. In this paper, we show that bifunctional polymers where both a catalyst and a colorimetric label are included in the same polyacrylamide polymer provide a simple way to monitor separability and catalyst recovery for non-metallic polymer-bound catalysts. 

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