Polyhydric alcohols pentaerythritol

Calcium formate (Ca(HCOO)2) is produced as a by-product in the manufacture of a polyhydric alcohol, pentaerythritol ... 

Pentacite An alkyd resin formed by using pentaerythritol as the polyhydric alcohol. Pentaerythritol (tetramethylol methane). 2,2-bis-hydroxymethyl) -1,3-propanediol. 

The most important polyhydric alcohols are shown in Figure 1. Each is a white soHd, ranging from the crystalline pentaerythritols to the waxy trimethylol alkyls. The trihydric alcohols are very soluble in water, as is ditrimethylol-propane. Pentaerythritol is moderately soluble and dipentaerythritol and tripen taerythritol are less soluble. Table 1 Hsts the physical properties of these alcohols. Pentaerythritol and trimethyl olpropane have no known toxic or irritating effects (1,2). Finely powdered pentaerythritol, however, may form explosive dust clouds at concentrations above 30 g/m in air. The minimum ignition temperature is 450°C (3). 

Polyhydric alcohol mercaptoalkanoate esters are prepared by reaction of the appropriate alcohols and thioester using -toluenesulfonic acid catalyst under nitrogen and subsequent heating (16,17). Organotin mercapto esters are similarly produced by reaction of the esters with dibutyltin oxide (18). Pentaerythritol can be oxidized to 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)hydracryhc acid [2831-90-5] C H qO, ... 

Polyols. Several important polyhydric alcohols or polyols are made from formaldehyde. The principal ones include pentaerythritol, made from acetaldehyde and formaldehyde trimethylolpropane, made from -butyraldehyde and formaldehyde and neopentyl glycol, made from isobutyraldehyde and formaldehyde. These polyols find use in the alkyd resin (qv) and synthetic lubricants markets. Pentaerythritol [115-77-5] is also used to produce rosin/tall oil esters and explosives (pentaerythritol tetranitrate). Trimethylolpropane [77-99-6] is also used in urethane coatings, polyurethane foams, and multiftmctional monomers. Neopentyl glycol [126-30-7] finds use in plastics produced from unsaturated polyester resins and in coatings based on saturated polyesters. 

The reaction of formate salts with mineral acids such as sulfuric acid is the oldest iadustrial process for the production of formic acid, and it stiU has importance ia the 1990s. Sodium formate [141-53-7] and calcium formate [544-17-2] are available iadustriaHy from the production of pentaerythritol and other polyhydric alcohols and of disodium dithionite (23). The acidolysis is technically straightforward, but the unavoidable production of sodium sulfate is a clear disadvantage of this route. 

Polyol Esters. Polyol esters are formed by the reaction of an alcohol having two or more hydroxyl groups, eg, a polyhydric alcohol and a monobasic acid. In contrast to the diesters, the polyol in the polyol esters forms the backbone of the stmcture and the acid radicals are attached to it. The physical properties maybe varied by using different polyols or acids. Trimethylolpropane [77-99-6] C H O, and pentaerythritol [115-77-5] are... 

Polyol ester turbine oils currendy achieve greater than 10,000 hours of no-drain service in commercial jet aircraft with sump temperatures ranging to over 185°C. Polyol esters are made by reacting a polyhydric alcohol such as neopentyl glycol, trimethylol propane, or pentaerythritol with a monobasic acid. The prominent esters for automotive appfications are diesters of adipic and a2elaic acids, and polyol esters of trimethylolpropane and pentaerythritol (34). 

Alkyd resins are produced by reaction of a polybasic acid, such as phthaUc or maleic anhydride, with a polyhydric alcohol, such as glycerol, pentaerythritol, or glycol, in the presence of an oil or fatty acid. The resulting polymeric material can be further modified with other polymers and chemicals such as acryhcs, siUcones, and natural oils. On account of the broad selection of various polybasic acids, polyhydric alcohols, oils and fatty acids, and other modifying ingredients, many different types of alkyd resins can be produced that have a wide range of coating properties (see Alkyd resins). 

The most important derivatives of the carboxyl group are formed by esterification with monohydric or polyhydric alcohols. Typical alcohols used iaclude methyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, and pentaerythritol. These rosia esters have a wide range of softening poiats and compatibiUties. 

Condensation of formaldehyde with acetaldehyde in presence of a strong alkali produces pentaerythritol, a polyhydric alcohol for alkyd resin production ... 

Pentak. A proprietary trade name for a mixt of approx 88% pentaerythritol (PE) and 12% related polyhydric alcohols, mostly dipenta-... 

Polymerized Alcohols. Polyhydric alcohols (qv) such as pentaerythritol, sorbitol and glycerin can be used as the polyol component of polyethers (qv) which are used as expl and propint binders. Polyoxypropylene derivs of sorbitol have been employed extensively as components of polyurethane resins (qv), also employed as a propint binder... 

Instead of phthalic anhydride, isophthalic acid can be used as is done in USA. Its use is in increasing. Polyhydric alcohols like pentaerythritol, trimethylolpropane and sorbitol are also used. Some-times small quantities of diols like ethylene glycol and propylene glycol are used to reduce cross-linking. 

The most important polyhydric alcohols (Fig. 1) are white solids, ranging from crystalline pentaerythritol to the waxy trimethylol alkyls. The trihydric alcohols are very soluble in water, as is ditrimethylol propane. Pentaerythritol is moderately soluble and dipentaerythritol anti-tripentaerythritol are less soluble. 

Polyol esters are made by reacting a polyhydric alcohol, such as neopentyl glycol (NPG), trimethylol propane (TMP) or pentaerythritol (PE), with a monobasic acid to give the desired ester. When making neopolyol esters, excess acid is used because the acid is more volatile than the neopolyol glycol and therefore easier to recover from the ester product. 

Polyol or hindered esters prevent 3-hydrogen abstraction by eliminating the P-hydrogen. These are manufactured by reacting polyhydric alcohols such as neopentyl glycol, trimethylolpropane and pentaerythritol with mono-acids ranging from pentanoic, nCs, to decanoic, Cio [10] ... 

PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS Fatty acids and oils (e.g., lauric, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, eleostearic, and licanic acids). Polyhydric alcohols (e.g., glycerol, pentaerythritol, ethylene glycol). Polybasic acids (e.g., phthaUc acid/anhydride, maleic acid/anhydride, fumaric acid/anhydride). 

Examination of the structures of nitrate ester explosives shows that they contain abundant carbon derived from polyhydric alcohols (e.g. glycerol, pentaerythritol) which are readily assimilable by bacteria. Moreover nitrate esters also contain abundant nitrogen and thus they may also serve to supply this element for microbial growth. A... 

The reaction with rosin is used to modify phenolic resins and provides an alternative route to solubility in oils. The rosin carboxyl group is afterwards esterified with a polyhydric alcohol, such as pentaerythritol, to increase the resin molecular weight even further. 

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