Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins PBDDs

Fig. 7 Generic chemical structures of polyhalogenated compounds. X=C1, Br. (I) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) (II) chlorophenols (CPs), bromophenols (BPs) (III) polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) (IV) polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PBDD) (V) polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF), polybrominated dibenzofuran (PBDF) (VI) tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA)...

Luijk R, Covers HAJ. 1992. The formation of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs) and dibenzofurans (PBDFs) during pyrolysis of polymer blends containing brominated flame retardants. Chemosphere 25(3) 361-374. 

Thies J, Neupert M, Pump W (1990), Chemosphere 20 1921-1928. Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBA), its derivatives and their flame retarded (FR) polymers -content of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDD) and dibenzofurans (PBDF) - PBDD/F formation under processing and smouldering (worst case) conditions"... 

Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs) and Dibenzofurans (PBDFs)... 

In addition, the concern about e-waste not only focuses on its vast quantity generated daily, but also more on the need to handle the toxic chemicals embedded in it. It is well known that e-waste contains lead, beryllium, mercury, cadmium (Cd), and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) among other chemical materials [3]. Furthermore, highly toxic chemicals such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo-furans (PBDD/Fs) can be formed during the recycling process [4]. 

Table 1 Concentrations of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (CIPAHs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) in ambient air, soil, and human samples collected from e-waste recycling and reference sites in China... 

It would be helpful to develop data determining the accuracy of PBDE determinations (e.g., percent recovery) in environmental samples. Methods for determining degradation products and metabolites of PBDE are needed. There is no information in the literature of detectable biodegradation of PBDEs in the environment under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. The analysis of PBDE pyrolysis degradation products, such as polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs), is often disturbed by the presence of PBDEs. Ebert et al. (1999) demonstrated that by using a Florisil column ina sample clean-up process, almost complete separation of PBDEs and PBDD/Fs is achieved before analysis by GC-MS. 

Cramer PH, Ayling RE, Thornburg KR, et al. 1990. Evaluation of an analytical method for the determination of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PBDD/PBDF) in human adipose. Chemosphere 20(7-9) 821-827. 

Ebert J, Lorenze W, Bahadir M. 1999. Optimization of the analytical performance of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofiirans (PBDD-F). Chemosphere 39(6) 977-986. 

Analytes. DBF, decabromobiphenyl HBCD, Hexabromocyclododecane PBCDE, polybrominated or chlorinated diphenyl ether PBDE, polybrominated diphenyl ether PCB, polychlorinated biphenyl PBDD, polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins PBB, polybrominated biphenyl PeBDE, pentabromodiphenyl ether. 

Hayakawa K, Takatsuki H, Watanabe I et al (2004) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) and monobromo-polychlori-nated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (MoBPXDD/Fs) in the atmosphere and bulk deposition in Kyoto, Jrqian. Chemosphere 57 343-356 Hildemarm LM, Markowski GR, Jones MC et al (1991) Submicrometer aerosol mass distributions of emissions from boilers, fireplaces, automobiles, diesel trucks, and meatcooking operations. Aerosol Sci Technol 14 138-152 HlUery BR, Basu I, Sweet CW et al (1997) Temporal and spatial trends in a long-term study of gas-phase PCB eoncentrations near the Great Lakes. Environ Sci Technol 31 1811-1816 Hites RA (2004) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and in people a metaanalysis of eoneentrations. Environ Sci Technol 38 945-956... 

DOP, dioctylphthalate IPPD, A -isopropyl-W-phenyl-p-phenylene diamine NBR, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber NR, natural rubber PA, polyamide PAAE, polyamide amine epichlorohydrin PBDD, polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins PBDF, polybrominated dibenzofu-rans PBT, polybutylene terephthalate PDBS, polydibromostyrene. 

Analytes CB, chlorobenzenes DDE, l,l-dichloro-2,3-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane DDT, l,l-dichloro-2,3-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene DBF, decabromobiphenyls HBCD, Hexabromo-cyclododecane HpBB, heptabromobiphenyl PBB, polybrominated biphenyl PBCCH, pentabromochlorocyclohexane PBDE, polybrominated diphenyl ether PBT, Polybutylene terephthalate PCB, Polychlorinated biphenyl PBDD, polybrominated dibenzo-/ -dioxins PBDF, polybrominated dibenzofuranes PCN, polychlorinated naphthalenes PCP, polychlorinated phenols PBB, polybrominated biphenyl PeBDE, pentabromodiphenyl ether PET, Polyethylene terephthalate PXDDs, polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins PXDFs, polyhalogenated dibenzofurans TBBPA, tetrabromobisphenol A TBPA, tetrabromophthalic anhydride TCBPA, tetrachlorobisphenol A TDBPP, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate. 

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