Polyacrylonitrile solid polymer electrolyte

Pandey, G. P., A. C. Rastogi, and C. R. Westgate. 2013. Polyacrylonitrile and 1-ethyl-3-methyliniidazolium thiocyanate based gel polymer electrolyte for solid-state supercapacitors with graphene electrodes. Electrochemical Capacitors 50 145-151. 

Raman spectroscopy is sensitive to both the chemical and the stmctural variations of a material, liquid or solid/ As an in situ technique, Raman spectroscopy has been used to characterize the crystalline structural variation of graphite anodes and Li vPj and LiMn O cathodes in lithium ion batteries during lithium ion insertion and extraction. In the authors laboratory, Raman spectroscopy was used to extensively study the strong interactions between the components of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based electrolytes, the competition between the polymer and the solvent on association with the Li ions, the ion transport mechanisms of both salt-in-polymer and polymer-in-salt electrolytes. Based on the Raman spectroscopic study, Li ion insertion and extraction mechanisms in low-temperature pyrolytic carbon anode have also been proposed. " In many cases, Raman spectroscopy is used as compensation to the IR spectroscopy to give a complete understanding to the structure of a substance though there are as many cases that Raman spectroscopy is used independently. 

Modern lithium ion batteries use poly(ethylene oxide) or polyacrylonitrile as the sohd state electrolyte. Ideally, the hthium-salt electrolyte is dispersed in a solid polymer composite, but ion diffusion wiU occur only if the polymer is heated... 

Flexible supercapacitors were made from PEDOT nanolibers as electrodes and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanolibers as separator by Larfogue et al. [19]. The PEDOT nanolibers were produced by combination of electrospinning and vapor-phase polymerization to form a conductive mat, and were used as the active material (electrodes), separated by a sheet of PAN nanolibers. Carbon-based clothes were used as the current collectors. The material layers were stacked together and embedded in a solid electrolyte containing an ionic liquid and polyvinylidene lluoride-co-hexa-fluoro-propylene (PVDF-co-HFP) as the host polymer. 

Up to now, many types of polymer gel electrolytes have been used in quasi-solid-state DSSCs, including polyacrylonitrile (PAN), poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP). PVDF-HFP exhibits high ionic conductivity and stability at room temperature however, the complex preparation technology and the poor mechanical strength of these gel polymer-based DSSCs represent a bottleneck to their introduction to the market. To overcome this problem, the electrospinning of such polymers has been performed with the aim of integrating the resulting fibrous, easy-to-obtain, and low-cost materials as electrolytes [23]. 

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