Poly synthesis methods

The earliest synthesis method, which involves a ring-opening polymerization of a cyclic chlorophosphazene followed by replacement of the chlorine atoms in the polymer by organic groups, is the most extensively developed route to the preparation of poly(organophosphazenes). It is summarized in reaction sequence (3). 

In the absence of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, DNA polymerases with associated 3 - 5 exonucleases would eventually degrade duplex DNA to mononucleotides. The replacement DNA synthesis method thus requires suf-ficiendy high levels of deoxyribonucleotides to maximize nucleotide poly-... 

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) and sodium styrene sulfonate (SSNa) are water-soluble. These polymers behave like a low MW surfactant as they form micelles in aqueous solution in which the hydrophobic part is directed towards the centre and the hydrophilic part is situated on the periphery of the micelle. Owing to such features, amphiphilic block copolymers have wide-ranging applications in drugs, pharmaceuticals, coatings, cosmetics and paints. They also exhibit very high antibacterial activities. Oikonomou and co-workers used ATRP to prepare amphiphilic block copolymers, consisting of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and poly (sodium styrene sulfonate) (PSSNa) blocks [18]. The synthesis methods are described below. 

The industrial synthesis methods of polyesters trace back to Carothers. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) was discovered by Whinfield and Dickson in the 1940s.At the same time, Poly(ethylene naphthalate) was described in the literature." The industrial production started soon afterwards by ICI and DuPont. 

In 1862, Letheby [30] discussed the production of a blue substance by the electrolysis of sulfate of aniline, nowadays considered as the first reported electrochemical synthesis of a conjugated polymer, in his case poly(aniline). Since then a great number of different monomers were synthesized that form conducting polymers. The synthesis method of choice for preparing these polymers involves the anodic oxidation of a suitable monomer M into a cation radical... 

Sokolov, L. B. (1979). The Grounds for the Polymers Synthesis by Poly condensation Method. Moscow Himia, 264 p. [inRussian]. 

Stabilisers of this type have been claimed as extremely effective UV absorbers for poly(ethylene-co-l,4-cyclohexanedimethylene terephthalate) [98-100], allowing the use of this material in outdoor applications. Developments in novel synthesis methods have improved the inherent stability of this class of additive, paving the way towards their more effective use in aromatic polyesters [101-106]... 

Holdcroft et al. [38] prepared the sodium salt and acid forms of poly(n-(3 -thienyl)alkanesulfonates) following the Ikenoue et al. chemical synthesis method mentioned above [21]. The aim of this study was to... 

Reynolds et al. [45] have prepared a water-soluble, self-doped poly(4-(2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-fc]-[l,4]dioxin-2-yl-methoxy)-l-butanesulfonic acid, sodium salt) (PEDOT-S) (Figure 4.28) by chemical synthesis using ferric chloride in chloroform. The monomer, sulfonated 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene, was synthesized by following Chevrot et al. s synthesis method as shown in Figure 4.13 [30]. The electrochromic and hole-transporting multilayer films of PEDOT-S and poly(allylamine... 

The overall science around polyanhydrides is summarised in Figure 5.1. The main focus of this chapter is to introduce and provide an extensive review of the various promising aspects of one specific class of synthetic biodegradable medical polymer — poly anhydride. In the first part of the chapter the classification, chemical stmctures, and synthesis methods of various polyanhydrides are discussed. This is followed by a discussion of the in vitro and in vivo behaviour and degradation mechanism of these materials. Also, the various processing techniques that are employed are introduced and explained. Finally, medical applications of polyanhydride systems are presented, highlighting their role and their potential to be used as a family of medical polymers of the future generation . 

Figure 2 Poly(Propylene Fumarate) Synthesis Method of Sanderson (1988).

Figure 8 Synthesis method for poly[(amino acid ester)-co-(methylamine)phosphazenes].

Scheme Pll.3.1 Preparation of block copolymer consisting of poly(THF) and polystyrene blocks joined by a nitroxide bridge (Problem 11.3). (Drawn following the synthesis method of Yoshida and Sugita, 1996.)...

---