Poly replication

M. G., Westbrook, L. S., Shannon, W. M., and Kende, M., Development of injectable, controlled-release poly(I.C) microcapsules for the inhibition of viral replication, Proc. Int. Symp. Control. Rel. Bioact. Mater.. 14. 275, 1987. 

Woolstencroft, R. N., Beilharz, T. H., Cook, M. A., Preiss, T., Durocher, D., and Tyers, M. (2006). Ccr4 contributes to tolerance of replication stress through control of CRT1 mRNA poly(A) tail length. J. Cell Sci. 119, 5178-5192. 

In figure 1 we present the experimental and calculated mK values of the copolymer poly(styrene-co-p-bromostyrene). From this study (3) we were able to show unequivocally that the tacticity of this polystyrene sample is pr — 0.55, where pr is the probability of racemic dyad replication. 

Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), poly(ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP), DNA-dependent protein kinase, DNA replication factor C, DNA topoisomerase I, DNA fragmentation factor (DFF)45, inhibitor of caspase-activated DNAse (ICAD), lamins A, Bl, and C TRAF-1, Rafl, Ras, GAP, GDP dissociation inhibitor of Rho family GTPases, phospholipase A2, Statl... 

Covalent links of histones HI, H2A, H2B, and H3 with poly(ADP-ribose) have been reported (for references, see Hayaishi and Ueda, 1977). Furthermore, a histone HI dimer linked by poly(ADP-ribose) has been reported. The increase in ADP-ribosylation is concomitant with cellular replication and ADP-ribosylation has been proposed as a trigger for in vivo replication in eukaryotic cells. 

Mannironi, C., Bonner, W.M., and Hatch, C.L. (1989) H2A.X a histone isoprotein with a conserved C-terminal sequence, is encoded by a novel mRNA with both DNA replication type and poly A 3 processing signals. Nucleic Acids Res. 17, 9113-9125. 

Histone ADP-ribosylation was first reported in 1968 [290]. Poly(ADP-ribosylation) has been implicated in several nuclear processes, including DNA replication, repair and recombination [291-294]. Histone HI and the four core histones are modified by adenosine diphospho (ADP) ribosylation which involves the transfer of the ADP-ribose moiety of NAD" " to the histone acceptor (Figs. 1 and 2). HI is the principle poly(ADP-ribosylated) histone, while core histones are ADP-ribosylated to a minor extent [295-297]. HI is modified at Glu residues 2, 14 (or 15), and 116 (or 117) and at Lys located at the C-terminus [25,298,299]. Poly(ADP-ribosylated) HI is associated with dynamically acetylated core histones [295]. There is conflicting results as to whether poly(ADP-ribosylation) of HI promotes chromatin decondensation [300-304]. 

The enzyme catalyzing the addition of ADP-ribose units onto the histones and itself is poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase or synthetase. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase is a nuclear, DNA-dependent enzyme that is stimulated by DNA breaks [302]. This property of the enzyme would target its action to sites that have DNA strand breaks (regions of the genome involved in replication, repair, recombination). The enzyme is associated with chromatin areas and perichromatin regions in interphase Chinese hamster ovary cells [312]. Degradation of the ADP-ribose polymer is catalyzed by the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase and ADP-ribosyl protein lyase. 

Donor-acceptor interaction between monomer and polymer template offers an elegant methods of replication degree of polymerization. Similar system was described for copolymerization of vinylpyridine with p-chlorostyrene in the presence of poly(maleic anhydride) used as template. " ... 

Bayard, B., Bisbal, C., Lebleu, B. (1986). Activation of ribonuclease L by (2-5) (A)4-poly(L-lisine) conjugates in intact cells. Biochemistry, 25, 3730-3736. Mocarski, E.S., Kemble, G.W., Lyle, J.M., et al. (1996). A deletion mutant in the human cytomegalovirus gene encoding IE1491aa is replication defective due to a failure in autoregulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 93, 11321-11326. 

In the preceding publication (I), five replications for the cellulose II sample were tabulated in Figure 3 to show that variations in DPn were noted when the related DPW data were in good agreement. The poly-molecularity ratios for the DP values fluctuate widely as a consequence of this. These results are compared in Table IV with those now obtained from the same data. The improvement in the values is quite marked as the statistical analysis of the data indicates. 

Linder, V., Verpoorte, E., Thormann, W., de Rooij, N.F., Sigrist, H., Surface biopassivation of replicated poly(dimethylsiloxane) microfluidic channels and application to heterogeneous immunoreaction with on-chip fluorescence detection. Anal. Chem. 2001, 73(17), 4181 1189. 

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