Poly polymerase applications

NAD+ does not only play a biological role as a coenzyme in oxidoreductases but also as a substrate with its nicotinamide moiety acting as a leaving group in enzymes, as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and sirtuins (23). This leads to an amplification of potential enzyme targets, well beyond oxidoreductases, and, thus, to a potential more general application of NAD(P)+ chemogenomics. 

Finally, the recruitment mechanism relying on ADP-ribose polymers as the fishing rods may have a more general application in cellular signaling. All members of the PARP family studied so far, can modify themselves and thus recruit other proteins analogous to the example shown for XRCCl. Moreover, poly(ADP-ribose) becomes attached to other proteins in the course of the heteromodification reaction, catalyzed by several members of the PARP family. The best studied example is PARP-1, which can heteromodify several nuclear proteins, primarily histones, but also enzymes (DNA polymerases, RNA polymerases, topoisomerases, nucleases) and transcription factors (p53, Fos, TFIIF, YY-1) (ref 1,62). 

Tentori L, Portarena I, Graziani G. Potential clinical applications of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. Pharmacol Res 2002 45 73-85. 

Other applications of nanoparticles for SPRi enhancement are the original method for DNA detection by He et al. (22), and the detection of microRNAs (miRNAs) down to a concentration of 10 fM using a surface poly(A) polymerase detection and nanoparticle amplification (24). A recent application is the detection of polymerase products in the attomolar range by template-directed polymerase extension of a surface array element with nanoparticle-enhanced detection of the reaction product (25). 

Barr, T.L., and Conley, Y.P., 2007. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 and its clinical applications in brain injury. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing. 39 278-284. 

The utilization of classical polystyrene particles or hydrophobic latexes for protein concentrations can induce undesirable phenomena such as protein denaturation and low concentration yields, on account of the high adsorption affinity between both species, which may lead to low desorbed amount. In addition, the use of such hydrophobic colloids in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) nucleic-acid amplification step generally leads to total inhibition of the enzymatic reaction. The inhibition phenomena can be attributed to the denaturation of enzymes adsorbed in large numbers onto hydrophobic colloids. The utilization of hydrophilic and highly hydrated latex particles (irrespective of temperature) is the key to solving this problem by suppressing the inhibition of enzyme activity. The purpose of this stage is then to focus on the potential application of thermally responsive poly(NIPAM) particles for both protein and nucleic acid concentrations. 

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