Poly pharmaceutical applications

Poly-j3-malate is readily degraded completely to L-malic acid under both acid and base conditions [108], and it can also be hydrolyzed by enzymes within the cell [105,106]. Recently, several bacteria were isolated which were able to utilize poly-/i-malate as sole carbon source for growth [109]. Because the polymer is biodegradable and bioadsorbable, it is of considerable interest for pharmaceutical applications, especially in controlled-release drug delivery systems [97,98]. Chemical routes to poly-/ -malate are expected to provide materials with various properties [110]. 

Considerable interest has been shown in poly(ethylene oxide) for diverse applications in food, drug, and cosmetic products. Such uses fall within the scope of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. The U.S. FDA has recognized and approved the use of p oly (ethylene oxide) for specific food and food packaging uses. USP/NF-grades of Polyox water-soluble resins (Union Carbide Corp.) are available for pharmaceutical applications. 

Chiou, W. L. 1977. Pharmaceutical applications of solid dispersions X-ray diffraction and aqueous solubility studies on griseofulvin-poly(ethylene glycol) 6000 systeuhrBharm Sc66 989-991. 

FIGURE 6.23 The release of thiamine HC1 from a glassy poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) sheet. [Graph reconstructed from data by P. I. Lee, in Controlled-Release Technology Pharmaceutical Applications, P. I. Lee and W. R. Good (Eds.), ACS Symp. Ser. No. 348, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1987. p. 71.]... 

Hitherto, there have also been some reports on the use of polymers containing ionic moieties except for polymeric ILs to functionalize CNTs [127-130]. For instance, Yoshida et al. [128] found that a slightly concentrated solution (20 g/L) of an ionic electrolyte of poly(pyridinium-l,4-diyl-iminocarbony 1-1,4-phenylene-methylene chloride) was most appropriate for stable dispersion of SWCNTs in water to form a SWCNT-containing gel. This ionic polymer, capable to act both as a dispersant and as a gelator, may contribute to the development of a novel hydrogel filled with CNTs for the biological, medical, and pharmaceutical applications. 

Lince, R, Marchisio, D. L. Barresi, A. A. 2008 Strategies to control the particle size distribution of poly-e-caprolactone nanoparticles for pharmaceutical applications. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 332, 505-515. 

Donini, C., Robinson, D.N., Colombo, P., Giordano, F., Peppas, N.A. Preparation of poly(methacrylic acid-g-poly(ethylene glycol))nanospheres from methacrylic monomers for pharmaceutical applications. Int. J. Pharm., 245, 83, 2002. 

There is a lot of interest in microemulsions as is shown by this book [94] and by recent pubHcations on microemulsion models [95, 96], as well as oil chain length dependence [97] and the use of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and microemulsions for pharmaceutical purposes [98, 99]. Microemulsions are used in many industrial appHcations [100], especially within the area of cosmetics and detergents [101] as well as in pharmaceutical applications [102] one of the more important ones being as drug-delivery systems [103-112]. 

Over the past several decades, polylactide - i.e. poly(lactic acid) (PLA) - and its copolymers have attracted significant attention in environmental, biomedical, and pharmaceutical applications as well as alternatives to petro-based polymers [1-18], Plant-derived carbohydrates such as glucose, which is derived from corn, are most frequently used as raw materials of PLA. Among their applications as alternatives to petro-based polymers, packaging applications are the primary ones. Poly(lactic acid)s can be synthesized either by direct polycondensation of lactic acid (lUPAC name 2-hydroxypropanoic acid) or by ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of lactide (LA) (lUPAC name 3,6-dimethyl-l,4-dioxane-2,5-dione). Lactic acid is optically active and has two enantiomeric forms, that is, L- and D- (S- and R-). Lactide is a cyclic dimer of lactic acid that has three possible stereoisomers (i) L-lactide (LLA), which is composed of two L-lactic acids, (ii) D-lactide (DLA), which is composed of two D-lactic acids, and (iii) meso-lactide (MLA), which is composed of an L-lactic acid and a D-lactic acid. Due to the two enantiomeric forms of lactic acids, their homopolymers are stereoisomeric and their crystallizability, physical properties, and processability depend on their tacticity, optical purity, and molecular weight the latter two are dominant factors. 

Acemoglu M., Bantle S., Mindt T, NimmerfaU R, Novel bioerodible poly(hydroxyalkylene carbonate)s A versatile class of polymers for medical and pharmaceutical applications. Macromolecules, 28, 1995, 3030-3037. 

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