Poly filler content

It has been found that, for a fixed mineral filler content, the viscosity of PMF-based composites increases when the coat is made of polyethylene [164, 209, 293], poly(vinyl chloride) [316] and polypropylene [326, 327], The picture was different, however, for composites based on the ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer to which kaolin with grafted poly (vinyl acetate) was added [336]. Addition of PMF with a minimum quantity of grafted polymer results in a sharp drop of flowability (rise of viscosity), in comparison to addition of unmodified filler but with a further increase of the quantity of grafted polymer the flow gradually increases and, depending on the kaolin content and quantity of grafted polymer, may even become higher than in specimens with unmodified filler, for equal concentrations. 

Carbon black filled NR vulcanisates have been studied by high-resolution solid-state 13C NMR at 75.5 MHz. It is shown that the detection of poly- and mono-sulfidic crosslinks with 13C MAS spectroscopy is also possible in the case of carbon black filled NR vulcanisates. Quantitative results suggest that the addition of carbon black leads to a decrease in crosslink density with increasing filler content [55]. 

Merkel et al. [2002, 2003] carried out studies of gas and vapor permeability and PALS free volume in a poly(4-methyl-2-pentyne) (PMP)/fumed silica (FS) nanocomposite. It was observed that gas and vapor uptake remained essentially unaltered in nanocomposites containing up to 40 wt% FS, whereas penetrant diffusivity increased systematically with the spherical nanofiller content. The increased diffusivity dictates a corresponding increase in permeability, and it was further established that the permeability of large penetrants was enhanced more than that of small penetrants. PALS analysis indicated two o-Ps annihilation components, interpreted as indicative of a bimodal distribution of free-volume nanoholes. The shorter o-Ps lifetime remained unchanged at a value T3 2.3 to 2.6 ns, with an increase in filler content. In contrast, the longer lifetime, T4, attributed to large, possibly interconnected nanoholes, increased substantially from 7.6 ns to 9.5 ns as FS content increased up to 40 wt%. 

Another possible approach to indirectly characterize the membrane morphology is based on the investigation of the free volume within the matrix. Density measurements [119,120] and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy evaluation [47] are common methods. Typically, the comparison between the theoretical density or free volume (calculated by simple additivity rules) and the experimental one can reveal the presence of a good interfacial morphology or the presence of interface voids or clustering formation. Fig. 7.13 shows the influence of filler content on the morphology of poly(trimethylsilyl propyne) (PTMSP)/Ti02 NCMs in terms of the volumetric fraction of interface voids as calculated from a comparison of the expected and measured membrane density [119],... 

Russo P, Cammarano S, Bilotti E, Peijs T, Cerruti P, Aciemo D (2014) Physical properties of poly lactic acid/clay nanocomposite films effect of filler content and annealing treatment. J Appl Polym Sci 131. doi 10.1002/app.39798... 

The conductivity of metallopolymeric nanocomposites is substantially affected by the dispersity of an inorganic component. Different nanocomposites are characterized by different relationships between the conductivity and the metal content. The percolation threshold of composites containing layered polypyromellitimide films filled by inserted silver particles is attained at a filler content >9 wt%. When nanosize silver particles (10-15 nm), were prepared by thermolysis of a solution of silver acetate in poly(pyromellitamide acid), they became uniformly distributed over a film. This composite does not exibit conducting properties at the same filler content. The dielectric characteristics of films (o = 10 - 10 Sm ) are retained at a high... 

As a result, two composite systems derived from partially aliphatic polyimides— 5-(2,5-dioxotetra-hydrofurfuryl)-3-methyl-3-cyclohexene-l,2-dicarboxylic acid anhydride reacting with 4,4 -oxydianiline (DOCDA-ODA) and with iron oxide as Fe304—were prepared at different temperatures, 250 and 300°C (Nica et al. 2015). Correlations among the structural, morphological, thermal, and magnetic properties were established for possible application as humidity sensor devices. In addition, the influence of humidity on the electrical properties of poly(DOCDA-ODA)/iron oxide composite were discussed, which led to an analysis of the humidity sensitivity of pure polyimide and of a poly(DOCDA-ODA)/Fe304 with different filler contents of iron oxides at various values of relative humidity (RH). 

The organic-inorganic hybrid materials have shown significant increases in properties compared to the conventional composites or neat polymers. The degree of dispersion of nanofiUers in a polymer matrix and the processing method play a key role on the final properties of the materials. Key objectives of researches are to design nanocomposites with enhanced properties at low filler contents. Different modified clays have been used in view of these objectives [31,52], There are reports on the use of ammonium-treated layered silicates [52,53], whereas the use of thermostable ILs such as pyridinium, imidazolium, or phosphonium is poorly reported. However, their combinations with poly(styrene) (PS) [54], PE [55], PP [56], poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) [57], and PET matrices [58] have been reported in the literature. 

A.C. Lopes, C.M. Costa, C.J. Tavares, I.C. Neves, S.L. Mendez, Nucleation of the electroaetive g phase and enhaneement of the optical tratrsparency in low filler content poly (vinylidene)/elay nanoeomposites. J. Phys. Chem. C 115, 18076-18082 (2011)... 

Figure 4.3. Dependence of AGonthe filler content for annealed (1) and non-annealed (1 ) films of poly-(ethyleneglycol adipate), poly(ethylene-glycol) (2) and PS (3) (1 and 2 for heptane, 3-fortoluene).

The cloud point curves for unfilled poly(vinyl acetate) - poly(me-thyl methacrylate) mixtures and those filled with 10% of non-modified and silanized fumed silica show that curves for filled mixtures are situated at much lower temperature than those for unfilled material.It should be noted that the temperature of phase separation decreases sharply in the region where one alloy component has a predominant content. The addition of silane-treated fumed silica also results in a lower temperatures of phase separation. These effects were attributed to the difference in adsorption of both components at the interface with a solid and are connected with the asymmetry of interaction in the system. The phase separation temperature in this alloy also depends on the filler content (Figure 7.4). At the same time, the phase separation temperature depends on the ratio of components. This fact may be interpreted as indirect confirmation of the role of asymmetry of interactions, because increasing the filler content should affect the as5mimetry of the interactions and therefore have an... 

For an immiscible polyethylene-poly(butyl methacrylate) pair filled with fumed sihca, using NMR technique, the composition of the border layer was estabhshed (Table 7.1). As can be seen, with a growing filler content, the fraction of PBMA in the boundary layer increases and that of polyethylene decreases, i.e., the boundary layer is enriched by PBMA. Only 3% filler addition to the alloy, containing 75% polyethylene, results in small enrichment with this polymer, but above 10% filler the PBMA content increases. When considering the struc-... 

Naguib et al. synthesized biodegradable poly(ester-urethane) nanocomposites based on PHB and (PHB/PCL-PEG-PCL) [66] reinforced with grafted montmorillonite (Mt-PCL) [87] and Cloisite 30B (C30B) [20]. They reported that thermal stability of poly(ester-urethane)s was enhanced with increasing the filler content (Table 7.1). 

MMMs made of poly-(l,4-phenylene ether-ether-sulfone) (PPEES) and ZIF-8 with filler loadings of 10, 20, and 30wt% were studied for CO2 diffusion using pulsed field gradient (PFG) NMR techniques.The self-diffusion coefficient increased from 2.1 x 10 cm s for the pristine PPEES membrane to 9.3x 10 cm s for the 30wt% ZIF-8/PPEES-MMM. ZIF-8 provides Langmuir adsorption sites for CO2 molecules, thus, the gas adsorption in the MMM increases with the filler content. ... 

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