Poly antibacterial activity

Kanazawa A, Ikeda T, Endo T (1993) Polymeric phosphonium salts as a novel class of cationic biocides. III. Immobilization of phosphonium salts by surface photografting and antibacterial activity of the surface-treated polymer films. J Poly Sci A Poly Chem 31 1467-1472... 

Quinoxaline 1,4-dioxides possess antibacterial activity, " as well as being fungicides, insecticides, and herbicides. Quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid 1,4-dioxide has been isolated from cultures of Sireplomyces ambrofaciens and this compound has been shown to have antibiotic properties. Echinomycin, from the quinoxaline-peptide antibiotic family, contains one or more quinoxaline rings and is an antitumor agent. Quinoxaline derivatives are also antagonists at the jV-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor of the glycine modulatory site. Poly(phenylquinoxalines) are used as high temperature polymers. 

The poly-N-alkyl- and hexa-N-acyl derivatives of neomycin and paromomycin fail to show activity, but the hexa-N-methane-sulfonates and -sulfina-tes are claimed to be active and less toxic. 6 - and 6" -N alkyl- and N-alkylaryl-neomycins and -paromomycins have been prepared from the Schiffs bases by reduction with NaBH4 Some of the alkylaryl compounds show a slightly improved activity the alkyl derivatives are ineffective. The hexa-N-benzylneomydns prepared from neomycin, aromatic aldehydes and NaBH4, as well as the corresponding paromomycins, synthesized by means of catalytic reduction of the Schiffs bases, have reduced antibacterial activity. The Schiffs bases of paromomycin show in vitro the same activity as the parent compoimd, obviously because of the ease of hydrolysis. 

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) and sodium styrene sulfonate (SSNa) are water-soluble. These polymers behave like a low MW surfactant as they form micelles in aqueous solution in which the hydrophobic part is directed towards the centre and the hydrophilic part is situated on the periphery of the micelle. Owing to such features, amphiphilic block copolymers have wide-ranging applications in drugs, pharmaceuticals, coatings, cosmetics and paints. They also exhibit very high antibacterial activities. Oikonomou and co-workers used ATRP to prepare amphiphilic block copolymers, consisting of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and poly (sodium styrene sulfonate) (PSSNa) blocks [18]. The synthesis methods are described below. 

Colak and co-workers [56] investigated the hydrophilic adjustments of an amphiphilic polynorbornene, poly 3, via the incorporation of hydrophilic, biocompatible groups, and determined the effects on haemolytic and antibacterial activity. It was shown that increasing the hydrophilicity reduced the antibacterial properties, which could... 

Kanazawa and co-workers investigated the dependency upon counteranions of poly[tribntyl(4- vinylbenzyl)phosphonium] salts against Staphylococcus aureus it was shown that the antibacterial activity was dependent npon the counteranion structure [9]. The counteranion activity was low when a tight ion-pair with a phosphonium ion was formed, whereas the activity was high for those counteranions liberating free ions. The antimicrobial characteristics, which were governed by the solubility products of the polymers, were in the following order chloride > tetraflouride > perchlorate > hexaflnorophosphate. 

Quaternary pyridinium polymers can show biological activity when bound to surfaces, e.g., poly(4-vinyl pyridine)-modified glass surfaces which were modified using different alkyl bromide derivatives. Suitable polymers for antibacterial applications not only exhibit antibacterial activity, but also non-toxicity to human cells (i.e., selectivity). 

Shameli, K., Ahmad, M., Yunus, W. et al. 2010a. Silver/poly (lactic acid) nanocomposites Preparation, characterization, and antibacterial activity. Int. J. Nanomed. 5 573-579. 

Zheng, R Wang, S. Wen, S. Shen, M. Zhu, M. Shi, X. Characterization and antibacterial activity of amoxicillin-loaded electrospnn nano-hydroxyapatite/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) composite nanofibers. Biomaterials 2013, 34 (4), 1402-1412. 

M.K. Calabretta, A. Kumar, A.M. McDermott, C. Cai, Antibacterial activities of poly(amidoamine) dendrimers terminated with amino and poly(ethylene glycol) groups. Biomacromolecules 8 (2007) 1807-1811. 

Yao, C., Li, X., Neoh, K.G., Shi, Z. and Kang, E.T. 2009. Antibacterial activities of surface modified electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) fibrous membranes. Ami Surf. Sci. 255 3854-3858. 

Poly [2- (t-butylamino)ethy 1 methacrylate]-f-amine/PP-g-MA Melt processed as fibers/antibacterial activity against E. co/i/copolymer formation prevented release of the polymethacrylate biocide from surface of fibers Thomassin et al. 2007... 

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