Antimicrobial characteristics

Currently, chitosan has been approved as a food additive in Korea and Japan since 1995 and 1983, respectively (KFDA, 1995 Weiner, 1992), and is mostly applied as a food additive or preservative and as a component of packaging material. In addition, the antimicrobial characteristics of chitosan present a profitable potential for developing functional food ingredients however, they may prove to be useful in nutraceuticals for the ability to stimulate host defenses against a variety of bacteria, fungi, and yeast (Lim and Hudson, 2003). 

The sesquiterpene quinones and hydroquinones display a wide range of biological activities.4 Some of the compounds are cytu-toxic, whereas others show antimicrobial characteristics. Avarol (2) has been the subject of investigation as a consequence of its ability to inhibit reverse transcriptase, but no clinical value (as an anti-AIDS agent, for example) has yet been established.3... 

Nakamura, S., Kato, A., and Kobayashi, K. 1991. New antimicrobial characteristics of lysozyme-dextran conjugate. J. Agric. Food Chem. 39, 647-650. 

JIANG H, MANOLACHE s, LEE WONG A c and DENES F s, Plasma-enhanced deposition of silver nanoparticles onto polymer and metal surfaces for the generation of antimicrobial characteristics . Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2004 93 1411-1422. 

Karabit MS, Juneskans OT, Lundgren P. Studies on the evaluation of preservative efficacy. IV. The determination of antimicrobial characteristics of some pharmaceutical compounds in aqueous solutions. Int Pharm 1989 54 51-56. 

Journal of Applied Polymer Science 93, No.3, 5thAug.2004, p.1411-22 PLASMA-ENHANCED DEPOSITION OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES ONTO POLYMER AND METAL SURFACES FOR THE GENERATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL CHARACTERISTICS Jiang H Manolache S Wong ACL Denes F S Wisconsin,University... 

Oh, H., Kim, Y.J., Chang, E.J., and Kim, J.Y. 2001. Antimicrobial characteristics of chitosan against food spoilage microorganisms in liquid media and mayonnaise. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 65,... 

Investigations should address the type of microorganisms isolated from the failed filling trial, their likely sources, their sensitivities to the antimicrobial characteristics of products that have been filled on the line, and most importantly their history of past occurrence. For instance, microorganisms that have been detected and represented as laboratory contamination in past Tests for Sterility should be considered as genuine product contaminants in those batches passed on retest. Batch withdrawal should be undertaken if they are also capable of surviving to any extent in the product. Identities should be at least to species level in failed filling trials. 

DW Hobson, W Woller, L Anderson, E Guthery. Development and evaluation of a new alcohol-based surgical hand scrub formulation with persistent antimicrobial characteristics and brushless application. AJIC 26 507-512, 1998. 

Kanazawa and co-workers investigated the dependency upon counteranions of poly[tribntyl(4- vinylbenzyl)phosphonium] salts against Staphylococcus aureus it was shown that the antibacterial activity was dependent npon the counteranion structure [9]. The counteranion activity was low when a tight ion-pair with a phosphonium ion was formed, whereas the activity was high for those counteranions liberating free ions. The antimicrobial characteristics, which were governed by the solubility products of the polymers, were in the following order chloride > tetraflouride > perchlorate > hexaflnorophosphate. 

There are many new and iimovative fibres/yams, fobrics and textile finishes that offer antimicrobial characteristics, and now there is evidence that some also have odour suppiession/adsorption characteristics. Polysaccharide fibres such as chitin/chitosan and alginate plus some novel carbohydrate polymers (e.g. Brattan ferulate) all with the potential of odour adsorptive charactenstics. 

Clay/PLA nanocomposites were prepared by casting method. The tested clays were montmorillonite and two organomodified clays with two quaternary ammonium salts which had exhibited antimicrobial characteristics in chitosan films. In general, the films presented improved physical properties but only films containing Cloisite 30B presented some antimicrobial activity against L. monocytogenes. No effect was observed in other... 

Typical applications of PLA in the home/office furnishing sector are carpets, tiles and rugs, draperies, curtains, pillows etc. PLA s low flammability and antimicrobial characteristics when loaded with the adequate additives permit its use in pillows, cushions, mattresses, sofas etc. A further application can be seen in PaperMate s Eco element, an innovative series of pens and pencils with the barrel made of PLA. 

Tethered chains can he placed at the surface of another polymer to change its surface characteristics. The placement can be through covalent bonding or by a physical process such as adsorption or embedding. It is also possible to tether quaternary ammonium salts to PDMS to enhance antifouling and antimicrobial characteristics. The embedding approach is likely to be more robust. 

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) and its salts are purely anthropogenic substanees that are widely used for wood and leather preservation due to their broad spectrum of antimicrobial characteristics. Industrially, their application as fungicides, baeteriaeides, herbieides, inseeticides, ovicides, algicides, and molluscicides is weU known. 

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