Pollution matter

The 1991 Water Resources Act relates to the control of discharges to controlled waters. Section 85(1) states A person contravenes this section if he causes or knowingly permits any poisonous, noxious or polluting matter or any solid waste matter to enter any controlled waters . The Act defines controlled waters and provides for the Secretary of State to establish water-quality objectives and the attainment of these objectives. The Act provides powers to the Environment Agency to prosecute a consent-holder if conditions are breached and to serve a works notice on an offender requiring them to remove or alleviate the pollution. Section 190 of the Act also established registers that include details such as notices of water-quality objectives applications made for consents consents and the conditions to which the consents are subject samples of water or effluent taken by the [Agency] for the purposes of any of the water pollution provisions of this Act and information produced by analyses of those samples. 

Potential problems arising from land contamination have previously been addressed by UK law. For example, Section 161 of the Water Resources Act 1991 refers to situations where any poisonous, noxious or polluting matter or any solid waste matter is likely to enter. . . any controlled waters , which clearly includes the sense of one type of land contamination problem. The concept of contaminated land has also been referred to in UK law—for example, the Leasehold Reform, Housing and Urban Development Act 1994 gave the Urban Regeneration Agency (which became known as English Partnerships) specific powers to fund the reclamation of derelict, contaminated or un-used land. But Part IIA contains the first definition of contaminated land in UK law. 

Anti-pollution works. Under section 161 of the Water Resources Act 1991, the National Rivers Authority (and then the Environment Agency) could take action to prevent polluting matter entering controlled waters, and could recover its reasonable costs from the person who caused or knowingly permitted the matter in question to be present at the place from which it was likely. .. to enter controlled waters .28 The practicability of this mechanism was hampered by the act first, recover later structure this was corrected by the creation of anti-pollution works notices under section 161A.29... 

It should be understood that a complete and final catalog of pollutants and their effects cannot be given new substances are constantly entering the terrestrial chemical network, and negative effects often become apparent only after a considerable time. The number of chemical substances for which reasonably complete environmental analysis is available remains a relatively small proportion of the whole in spite of the best efforts of environmental chemists and engineers. Availability of information and data on pollution matters has, however, been much enhanced by the proliferation of enviromnent-related sites on the Internet there are far too matty to attempt to list or categorize here, but the most comprehensive is probably that of the Enviromnental Protection Agency (http //www.epa.gov). 

The EPA is the most important governmental agency involved in industrial pollution matters. It is headquartered in Washington, D.C., and has ten regional offices, all of which are equipped with laboratories staffed with trained experts, many of whom specialize in industrial pollution treatment. 

Any poisonous, noxious or polluting matter, or any solid waste matter, to enter any controlled waters i.e. tidal, coastal, lakes, ponds and ground waters. 

The Environment Agency has the power to issue work notices requiring those responsible for water pollution to carry out works in order to dispose of polluting matter or clean up polluted watercourses. This notice can be issued if pollution is likely to arise. 

E. Bakke, "The AppHcation of Wet Electrostatic Precipitators for Control of Eiue Particulate Matter," Preprint, Symposium on Control of Tine Particulate Emissions from Industrial Sources, Joint U.S.-USSR Working Group, Stationay Source Air Pollution ControlTechnology, San Francisco, Calif, Jan. 15—18, 1974. 

E. A. Wolfe, Gas Flow Rate and Particulate Matter Determination of Gaseous Effluents, Bay Area Air Pollution Control District 1480, San Erancisco, Calif., 1961. 

Pollutant Distribution. Of particular importance for the aquatic ecosystem is the distribution of volatile substances, eg, gases and volatile organic compounds, between the atmosphere and water, and the sorption of compounds at soHd surfaces, eg, settling suspended matter, biological particles, sediments, and soils (41,42). 

Impurities. The three categories of potential pollutants in coal are sulfur, nitrogen, and ash. Sulfur and ash are associated with both the mineral and organic portions of coal, whereas nitrogen is mainly associated with the organic matter (4). 

Air pollutants may also be classified as to the origin and state of matter ... 

Pollutant Formation and Control in Flames Key combustion-generated air pollutants include nitrogen oxides (NOJ, sulfur oxides (principally SO9), particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and unburned hydrocarbons. 

Smoke and ash abatement in Great Britain was considered to be a health agency responsibility and was so confirmed by the first Public Health Act of 1848 and the later ones of 1866 and 1875. Air pollution from the emerging chemical industry was considered a separate matter and was made the responsibility of the Alkali Inspectorate created by the Alkali Act of 1863. 

The places from which pollutants emanate are called sources. There are natural as well as anthropogenic sources of the permanent gases considered to be pollutants. These include plant and animal respiration and the decay of what was once living matter. Volcanoes and naturally caused forest fires are other natural sources. The places to which pollutants disappear from the air are called sinks. Sinks include the soil, vegetation, structures, and water bodies, particularly the oceans. The mechanisms whereby pollutants... 

An erupting volcano emits particulate matter. Pollutant gases such as SO2, HiS, and methane are also emitted. The emission from an eruption... 

Dust storms that entrain large amounts of particulate matter are a common natural source of air pollution in many parts of the world. Even a relatively small dust storm can result in suspended particulate matter read-... 

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