Poisoning with iron

Poisoning with iron-containing drugs produces vomiting, gross gastrointestinal bleeding, shock, metabolic acidosis, and coma and can be treated with supportive care and deferoxamine. 

Vanadium was considered much less of a poison with about 1/5 the selectivity detriment of nickel. Iron, especially in the absence of sulfur, was considered even less of a poison. Copper and sodium were of little consequence if proper care was taken to avoid them in FCC feedstock preparation. 

Poisoning - Penicillamine also forms soluble complexes with iron, mercury, lead, and arsenic, which are readily excreted by the kidneys. The drug may be used to treat poisoning by these metals. 

Mechanism of Action An antidote that binds with iron to form complex. Therapeutic Effect Promotes urine excretion of acute iron poisoning. 

During Chinese Civil War, Kin s fleet used thin, brittle pottery bottles charged with quicklime, poison and iron pickles ( ). The resulting smoke injured the eyes of enemy (Ref 66, p 15)... 

Abdominal examination may reveal ileus, which is typical of poisoning with antimuscarinic, opioid, and sedative drugs. Hyperactive bowel sounds, abdominal cramping, and diarrhea are common in poisoning with organophosphates, iron, arsenic, theophylline, A phalloides, and A muscaria. 

Iron is widely used in over-the-counter vitamin preparations and is a leading cause of childhood poisoning deaths. As few as 10-12 prenatal multivitamins with iron may cause serious illness in a small child. Poisoning with other metals (lead, mercury, arsenic) is also important, especially in industry. See Chapters 33, 56, and 57 for detailed discussions of poisoning by iron and other metals. 

Pernicone et al. [253,254] bring forward some evidence that surface acidity also plays a role with iron molybdate catalysts. Hammett indicators adsorbed over the molybdate assume the acid colour. Pyridine poisons the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde. A correlation is reported between acidity and activity [253]. The authors agree with Ai that the acid sites are connected with Mo6+ ions. 

The source of this discrepancy is unknown to us. Equation (349) is, undoubtedly, adequate for the description of the reaction kinetics on an iron-chromium oxide catalyst. The fact that in one of the works (124) magnetite without the addition of chromium oxide served as a catalyst can hardly be of consequence since a study of adsorption-chemical equilibrium (344) on an iron-chromium oxide catalyst (7% Cr203) (52) led to the value of the average energy of liberation of a surface oxygen atom that practically coincides with that found earlier (50) for an iron oxide catalyst with no chromium oxide. It may be suspected that in the first work (124) the catalyst was poisoned with sulfur of H2S that possibly was contained in unpurified C02... 

The phenomenon of metal transport via the creation of volatile metal carbonyls is familiar to workers using carbon monoxide as a reactant. It is often found that carbon monoxide is contaminated with iron pentacarbonyl, formed by interactions between carbon monoxide and the walls of a steel container. Thus, it is common practice to place a hot trap between the source of the CO and the reaction vessel. Iron carbonyl decomposes in the hot trap and never reaches the catalyst that it would otherwise contaminate or poison. Transport of a number of transition metals via volatile metal carbonyls is common. For example, Collman et al. (73) found that rhodium from rhodium particles supported on either a polymeric support or on alumina could be volatilized to form rhodium carbonyls in flowing CO. 

The catalyst may combine chemically with the impurity The poisoning of iron catalyst by H2S comes in this class. 

Desferrioxamine Desferrioxamine is incompatible with heparin. This is used in chronic and acute poisoning by iron and other metal ions, such as aluminium load. Edetic acid and its salts chelate metal ions and drugs having such ions. Naloxone hydrochloride is incompatible with bisulfate, metabisulfite, high molecular weight anions, and alkaline preparations. Care should be exercised when treating patients with naloxone and naltrexone, as they may cause withdrawal symptoms. 

Of these reactions in which CO coordinates with the oxidized form of metals, the most important is the reaction with the iron atom in the hemoglobin of the blood, leading to carbon monoxide poisoning. This iron atom is part of a ring structure similar to that in chlorophyll (Chap. 6), and it ordinarily takes part in the metabolic process by reversibly forming a Fe—0—0— compound with the oxygen of the air. If carbon monoxide... 

The concentration of iron in die serum of normal subjects is in die range 0.8 to 1.6 jag/ml. Iron is concentrated in the erythrocytes and whole blood concenhations in healthy subjects are in the range 380 to 560 lag/ml for females, and 450 to 625 jag/ml for males. The accidental poisoning of children with iron preparations is common and serum concenhations greater than about 3 jag/ml indicate the need for immediate therapy. Serum concenhations of up to about 25 jag/ml have been reported in intoxicated children, and up to about 50 lag/ml in cases of fatal poisoning. 

Deactivation by sulfur has been explained by the withdrawing of electrons from the catalyst surface. It has also been shown that sulfur inhibits the dissociation of CO on iron surfaces l]. The deliberate partial poisoning of iron/manganese cataly.sts with sulfur has been used to shift the product selectivity towards short-chain hydrocarbons. At higher sulfur concentrations (0.7 mg S/g catalyst) the activity is significantly decreased and the olefin selectivity increased [82]. Sulfur poisoning of nickel catalysis has recently been shown to inhibit the chemisorption of hydrogen 83.84). 

Electronic promoters, for example, the alkali oxides, enhance the specific activity ofiron-alnmina catalysts. However, they rednce the inner snrface or lower the thermal stability and the resistance to oxygen-containing catalyst poisons. Promoter oxides that are rednced to the metal during the activation process, and form an alloy with the iron, are a special group in which cobalt is an example that is in industrial use. Oxygen-containing compounds such as H2O, CO, CO2, and O2 only temporarily poison the iron catalysts in low concentrations. Sulfur, phosphorus, arsenic, and chlorine compounds poison the catalyst permanently. 

Sulfur, Phosphorus, and Arsenic Compounds. Sulfur, occasionally present in synthesis gases from coal or heavy fuel oil, is more tightly bound on iron catalysts than oxygen. For example, catalysts partially poisoned with hydrogen sulfide cannot be regenerated under the conditions of industrial ammonia synthesis. Compounds of phosphorus and arsenic are poisons but are not generally present in industrial synthesis gas. There are... 

SAFETY PROFILE Poison by intraperitoneal route. Incompatible with iron pentacarbonyl and zinc. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of RuOx and Cr. See also RUTHENIUM COMPOUNDS. 

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