Poisoning prevalence

Industrial workers often complain of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain, headache, sweating, and a metallic taste in the mouth. Depending on the metals in question, there may be blue-black lines in the gum tissues and impairment of cognitive, motor, and language skills. The expression mad as a hatter comes from the mercury poisoning prevalent in seventeenth century France among hat makers, who soaked animal hides in a solution of mercuric nitrate to soften the hair. 

Ciguatera is the most famous seafood poisoning prevalent in circumtropical areas (Scheuer 1994). Its effects to human health and economic impacts are serious problems in those areas. The clinical symptoms are diverse. Neurological disturbances are prominent reversal of thermal sensation, called dry ice sensation, is one of the most characteristic symptoms of ciguatera. Other illnesses include joint pain, miosis, erethism, cyanosis, and prostration. 

Vegetables also contain carboxylic acids that contribute to their flavors. One example is oxalic acid, prevalent in spinach and rhubarb. Raw rhubarb leaves are mildly poisonous, and folklore holds that the toxic substance is oxalic acid. However, raw spinach can be eaten safely despite its equally high content of this acid. 

Rude CS University of Vermont, Burlington, VT Determine the prevalence of lead poisoning among children less than six years of age determine the predictive ability of a prescreening lead questionnaire National Center for Research Resources... 

Mateo, R., J. Belliure, J.C. Dolz, J.M.A. Serrano, and R. Guitart. 1998. High prevalences of lead poisoning in wintering waterfowl in Spain. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 35 342-347. 

The toxicity of cyanogenic plants is a problem for both domestic and wild ungulates. Poisoning of herbivorous ungulates is more prevalent under drought conditions, when these mammals become... 

Catalyst stability with time on stream is an important characteristic. Acidic catalysts can be deactivated by basic poisons such as nitrogen. Carbonaceous species can build up on both metal and acid sites. These are the two prevalent mechanisms for catalyst deactivation. Other ways that a catalyst can be damaged, such as a temperature excursion, may be more likely to occur during the initial start up or during coke burning regenerations. Regeneration is discussed in the next section. 

When the diarrhea is not viral (Noro formerly known as Norwalk virus) or protozoal Entamoeba) or caused by a toxin (shell-flsh poisoning) it is often caused by either Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter or Yersinia species. In some countries there is a high prevalence of Vibrio cholerae - GTI causing severe watery diarrhea. Clostridium difficile enterocolitis is related to prior antibiotic treatment but also observed during chemotherapy. 

Of course, you have ascertained that the nicotinic receptor was identified as such because nerve cells as well as neuromuscular cells responded to being treated with nicotine. Because of the prevalence of nicotinic receptors in both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, you can correctly assume that drugs affecting these sites lack selectivity. In fact, there are no known beneficial uses for nicotinic agonists. To the contrary, nicotine is a POISON. 

A frequently cited example of an important natural-product-derived drag is the neuromuscular blocker d-tubocurarine, derived from the South American plant curare, which was used by South American Indians as an arrow poison (see Chapter 26). Tubocurarine led to the development of decamethonium, which, although structurally dissimilar to tubocurarine, was nevertheless synthesized based on the then prevalent presumption that tubocurarine contained two quaternary nitrogens. Similarly, synthetic local anesthetics, such as lidocaine, benzocaine, and dibucaine, were synthesized to mimic the nerve-blocking effect of cocaine, a natural alkaloid obtained from the leaves of Coca eroxylum, but without the adverse side effects that have led to its abuse. 

Incidental and accidental intake of atropine and scopolamine, which are the main tropane alkaloids in plants of the solanecae family, may provoke poisoning of man and livestock [11,13-15, 55, 57,119-122] causing agitation, aggression, hallucinations, dry mouth and skin, mydriasis, loss of consciousness followed by coma combined with tachycardia, hypotension, and hyperthermia [57, 121], A detailed statistical analysis of paediatric plant exposures in Germany within the years 1998-2004 has been provided by Pietsch et al. [123], They found that most prevalent victims of accidental plant exposures are children in the age of 1-6 years presumably being misled by the attractive plump berries. 

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