Pneumatic transport advantages

Fast fluidization is a regime intermediate between bubbling fluidization and pneumatic transport, possessing many of the advantages of both, but divorced from many of their disadvantages. It has the following unique characteristics ... 

Further developments in this process included an air lift design that pneumatically transported catalyst between vessels thus relieving a maximum cat-to-oil constraint of approximately 1.5 present in the bucket lift design (Figures 5, 6). This technology development was launched in October 1950, and by 1956 there were 54 Socony-Vacuum licensed units in operation. The development of synthetic catalyst beads was an additional step forward for the TCC process. However, there remained several disadvantages of the TCC process when compared to the Fluidized Catalytic Cracker. The inherent technical advantages present with the FCC led to the eventual demise of the TCC process. 

P.W. Wypych and A.R. Reed, The advantages of stepping pipelines for the pneumatic transport of bulk solids. Powder Handling Processing, 2 (19W) 217-221. 

The obvious alternative for the in-line flow-through cell in HPLC-FTIR is mobile-phase elimination ( transport interfacing), first reported in 1977 [495], and now the usual way of carrying out LC-FTIR, in particular for the identification of (minor) constituents of complex mixtures. Various spray-type LC-FTIR interfaces have been developed, namely, thermospray (TSP) [496], particle-beam (PB) [497,498], electrospray (ESP) [499] and pneumatic nebulisers [486], as compared by Som-sen et al. [500]. The main advantage of the TSP-based... 

The advantage of pneumatic driers is that they serve both for drying and transporting the cellulose. Drying is very quick. 

As can be seen from the results in Table 3.1, the analyte transport efficiency is similar for both conventional and micro- or high-efficiency nebulizers when compared under identical flow rates. The increase in analyte transport efficiency with decrease in the sample uptake rate (sometimes called starving the nebulizer because uptake rates less than the natural aspiration rate are used) was reported long ago [21,22]. So the main advantage of the newer micronebulizers is that their internal volume is small, a feature that becomes more important as the uptake rate is reduced. A capillary can also be inserted into a conventional concentric, pneumatic nebulizer to decrease its internal dead volume [23,24]. 

Deterioration of specimens as a result of delays in transport from wards to the laboratory has focused attention on the possible advantages of pneumatic tube communication systems. A technical memorandum (M8) discussed the financial and operational factors to take into consideration before deciding to install such a system, which can be undertaken economically only as part of a building program, and McClellan et al. (M6) reported data on the adverse effects of one such transport system on the validity of chemical determinations on blood samples. 

Introduction of gaseous samples into the plasma offers several advantages over liquid aerosol introduction. The transport efficiency for introduction of gases approaches 100%, whereas in pneumatic nebulization more than 95% of the sample solution is discarded. When more analyte is transported into the plasma, improved signal-to-noise ratios and detection limits may be obtained. 

Vapor generation techniques The generation of gaseous analytes from the sample and their introduction into atomisation cells for subsequent absorption spectro-metric determination offers a number of advantages over the conventional sample introduction by pneumatic nebulisation of the sample solution. These include the elimination of the nebuliser, the enhancement of the transport efficiency, which approaches 100 %, and the presentation of a homogenous sample vapor to the atomiser. The most common and versatile techniques for the formation of volatile compounds are the hydride generation technique and the cold vapor technique. 

Conveyors are used to transport materials from one location to another within a plant or facility. The variety of conveyor systems is almost infinite, but the two major classifications used in typical chemical plants are pneumatic and mechanical. Note that the power requirements of a pneumatic-conveyor system are much greater than for a mechanical conveyor of equal capacity. However, both systems olfer some advantages. 

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