Plotting Traces

We will now add some traces. In the schematic we have labeled two nodes, Vin and Vout. Since we know the names of the nodes, we can easily plot the voltages. We will first plot Vin. To add a trace, select Trace and then Add Trace from the menu bar  

Because all of the options are selected, many names are shown in the left pane. Note that the voltage regulator is a subcircuit. A subcircuit is shown as a single block on the schematic, but it may be composed of several circuit elements within the subcircuit. The left pane is currently displaying all subcircuit nodes and the aliases for the subcircuit nodes. If you scroll through the list, you will see too many traces. 

We would first like to display Vin and Vout. The list of traces is too long and the traces are not easily spotted. Vin and Vout are analog voltages so we will select only theAnalOQ, Voltages, and Allas Names boxes  

This list is now shorter and we can locate the line V/VIN) more easily. Scroll down the list until you find the trace labeled V/VIN) and then click on the text to select it. It should become highlighted  

Next we will plot Vo. Press the INSERT key. This is a shortcut that will open the Add Traces dialog box 

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Figure 10,1 (A) Activity-molar concentration plot. Trace element concentration range is shown as a zone of constant slope where Henry s law is obeyed. Dashed lines and question marks at high dilution in some circumstances Henry s law has a limit also toward inhnite dilution. The intercept of Henry s law slope with ordinate axis defines Henry s law standard state chemical potential. (B) Deviations from Nernst s law behavior in a logarithmic plot of normalized trace/carrier distribution between solid phase s and ideal aqueous solution aq. Reproduced with modifications from liyama (1974), Bullettin de la Societee Francaise de Mineralogie et Cristallographie, 97, 143-151, by permission from Masson S.A., Paris, France. A in part A and log A in part B have the same significance, because both represent the result of deviations from Henry s law behavior in solid.

Instead of 3-D plots, traces of the binding isotherm surface through a plane parallel to the [L]/[I] plane (contour diagrams) or profile plots (traces through the p./[L] or /x/[l plane can be used to explain certain special conditions. 

We are now done with the schematic. We will set up the transient analysis shown below. Once again, this is an advanced topic, and we assume that you are familiar with Capture, plotting traces with Probe, and running simulations in PSpice. 

When we are running a simulation, we want the simulation status and the message windows to be visible because they give us information on problems with the simulations and indicate the progress of the simulation. When we are plotting traces, we would like Probe to use the full screen so that the traces are as large as possible. To toggle between these two conditions, select View and then Alternate Display from the menus ... 

Notice the attribute PUL5E=Un. This attribute determines the pulse width rather than the time constant of R4 and Cl. The results are shown on the following screen capture. To plot traces on different plots, add the first trace, select Plot and then Add Plot to Window to add a new plot add the second trace, select Plot and then Add Plot to Window to add a new plot and then add the third trace. Digital traces are automatically plotted on a separate section of the screen. 

Select Never to plot traces without symbols... 

Size, Position, In this group box, you may set the dimensions and offsets of the plot Trace Thick. and, for laser printers, the line widths used for hardcopy output. 

Aliphatic and Olefinic Hydrocarbons. Of the first 30 fractions, only fractions 4-7 contained significant quantities of material. The exploratory gas chromatographic analysis of these four fractions showed them to be very similar they were pooled and analyzed by GC-MS. Figure 2 shows the total ionization plot (trace B) and the mass chromatogram of m/e 57 (trace C) for these combined fractions. The peak at scan 165 is elemental sulfur. Its mass spectrum shows peaks separated by 32 mass units and a molecular ion at m/e 256 corresponding to eight sulfur atoms. The presence of sulfur is not unexpected in such highly anoxic sediment... 

Figure 7.10 LIF lifetime measurements, following an excitation laser pulse of duration At = 4.5 ns FWHM. If the lifetime of the excited levelis longerthan the excitation pulse, then the lifetime can be extracted from theslopeof the semi-logarithmic plot (trace a) if the radiative lifetime signal is detected with electronics of similar time constants, then / C-response deconvolution needs to be applied (trace b) and if the lifetime is of similar length or slightly shorter than the laser pulse, full line shape function deconvolution procedures are required (trace c). Data shown in trace (b) are adapted from Verdasco et al Laser Chem., 1990, 10 239, with permission of Taylor Francis Group...

Generally, engineers use the Ragone plot [RAG 68] to present the performances of electricity storage devices. This plot traces the specific energy of the element as a function of its specific power, both on a log/log scale. Of the six relevant criteria mentioned above, this method considers only the first two, which are essentially linked to the initial performances of the elements and the technological aspects. 

Uquidus curve The freezing point of a molten mixture of substances varies with the composition of the mixture. If the freezing points are plotted as a function of the composition, the line joining the points is called a liquidus curve. Such mixtures usually freeze over a range of temperature. If the temperature at which the last traces of liquid just solidify (assuming that sufficient time has been allowed for equilibrium to be established) are plotted against composition the resulting line is called a solidus curve. 

Figure Bl.14.13. Derivation of the droplet size distribution in a cream layer of a decane/water emulsion from PGSE data. The inset shows the signal attenuation as a fiinction of the gradient strength for diflfiision weighting recorded at each position (top trace = bottom of cream). A Stokes-based velocity model (solid lines) was fitted to the experimental data (solid circles). The curious horizontal trace in the centre of the plot is due to partial volume filling at the water/cream interface. The droplet size distribution of the emulsion was calculated as a fiinction of height from these NMR data. The most intense narrowest distribution occurs at the base of the cream and the curves proceed logically up tlirough the cream in steps of 0.041 cm. It is concluded from these data that the biggest droplets are found at the top and the smallest at the bottom of tlie cream.

Figure Cl.5.8. Spectral jumping of a single molecule of terrylene in polyethylene at 1.5 K. The upper trace displays fluorescence excitation spectra of tire same single molecule taken over two different 20 s time intervals, showing tire same molecule absorbing at two distinctly different frequencies. The lower panel plots tire peak frequency in tire fluorescence excitation spectmm as a function of time over a 40 min trajectory. The molecule undergoes discrete jumps among four (briefly five) different resonant frequencies during tliis time period. Arrows represent scans during which tire molecule had jumped entirely outside tire 10 GHz scan window. Adapted from...

The dashed lines ia Figure 4 are plots of equation 22 for Cu " and Mn and iadicate the concentration of the aquo metal ions ia equiUbrium with the sohd hydroxides as function of pH. At any pH where the soHd curve is above the dashed line for the same metal, the EDTA is holding the unchelated metal ion concentration at a value too low for the precipitation of the sohd hydroxide. Relatively large quantities of the metal can thus be maintained ia solution as the chelate at pH values where otherwise all but trace quantities of the metal would be precipitated. In Eigure 4, this corresponds to pH values where pM of the dashed curves is 4 or greater. At the pH of iatersection of the sohd and dashed lines for the same metal, the free metal ion is ia equihbrium with both the sohd hydroxide and the chelate. At higher pH the hydroxyl ion competes more effectively than the chelant for the metal, and only a trace of either the chelate or the aquo metal ion can exist ia solution. Any excess metal is present as sohd hydroxide. 

In the HH COSY plot it is possible to take as starting point the peripheral H signal at = 5.59 in order to trace out the connectivities B of the aliphatic H atoms ... 

Figure 4.13 GC X GC analysis of vetiver essential oil column 1, BPX5 column 2, BPX50 (0.8 m in length). The lower trace presents the pulsed peaks obtained from the modulation process, and shows such peaks in a manner that represents the normal cliromatograpliic result presentation. Tliis nace is many times more sensitive than a normal GC trace. In the upper plot, the 2D separation space shows that the BPX50 column is not very effective in separating components of the oils based on polarity, since all the components are bunched up along the same region of 2D time.

Figure 2, the pressure-enthalpy plot of the standard vapor compression cycle, traces the state of the refrigerant through the refrigeration system. (Enthalpy represents the energy of the refrigerant as... 

As shown previously, vibrations can be displayed graphically as plots which are referred to as vibration profiles or signatures. These plots are based on measurable parameters (i.e., frequency and amplitude). Note that the terms profile and signature are sometimes used interchangeably by industry. In this chapter, however, profile is used to refer either to time-domain (also may be called time trace or waveform) or frequency-domain plots. The term signature refers to a frequency-domain plot. 

Actual time-domain vibration signatures are commonly referred to as time traces or time plots (see Figure 43.17). Theoretical vibration data are generally referred to as waveforms (see Figure 43.18). 

The frequency-domain format eliminates the manual effort required to isolate the components that make up a time trace. Frequency-domain techniques convert time-domain data into discrete frequency components using a mathematical process called Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). Simply stated, FFT mathematically converts a time-based trace into a series of discrete frequency components (see Figure 43.19). In a frequency-domain plot, the X-axis is frequency and the Y-axis is the amplitude of displacement, velocity, or acceleration. 

Numerical Observations Figure 3.42 shows a schematic plot of H versus A for A = 8 Af = 5 two dimensional CA. The lattice size is 64 x 64 with periodic boundary conditions. In the figure, the evolution of the single-site entropy is traced for four different transition events. In each case, for a given A, a rule table consistent with that A is randomly chosen and the system is made to evolve for 500 steps to allow transients to die out before H is measured. 

One plots the curve F(x) (Fig. 6-9) and the construction consists in tracing the direction field of lineal elements. We take, for instance x = xx to which corresponds the point on the curve F(x), and transfer... 

The reduction of the sample was made at 2250 K In a flowing stream of hydrogen carrier gas ( SO cm /mln). The total pressure of the carrier gas was approximately 1 atm. The water vapor produced during the reduction was swept by the carrier gas Into an electrolytic-type (P2O5) moisture monitor and a continuous recorder trace of the water concentration as a function of time was obtained. A typical plot of the moisture content of the carrier gas as a function of time Is shown In Figure 3. The region on the left side of this figure where the moisture content... 

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