Pleiotropic regulators

Alluvia S, Weinstein-Eischer D, Zhang A, Postow L, Storz G. A small, stable RNA induced by oxidative stress Role as a pleiotropic regulator and antimutator. Cell 1997 90(1) 43—53. 

Tsui, H. C., Feng, G., and Winkler, M. E. (1996). Transcription of the mutL repair, miaA tRNA modification, hfq pleiotropic regulator, and hflA region protease genes of Escherichia coli K-12 from clustered Esigma32-specific promoters during heat shock. J. Bacteriol. 178, 5719—5731. 

Fig. 10. Coordinate regulation of fatty acid and phospholipid metabolism. The pleiotropic regulator ppGpp regulates transfer of fatty acids to the membrane via inhibition of the PlsB acyltransferase step, coordinating phospholipid synthesis with macromolecular synttesis. PlsB inhibition leads to the accumulation of long-chain acyl-ACPs that feedback inhibit their own synthesis at the point of initiation (inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and FabH) and elongation, by inhibition of Fabl. LPA, lysophosphatidic acid G3P, glycerol-3-phosphate.

Lincoln TM, Koraalavilas P, Cornwell TL (1994) Pleiotropic regulation of vascular smooth muscle tone by cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase. H rtension... 

The catabolite control protein A (CcpA) is a pleiotropic regulator involved in the regulation of many different cellular processes in C. acetobutylicum [104,105]. 

Ren C, Gu Y, Hu SY, Wu Y, Wang P, Yang YL, Yang C, Yang S, Jiang WH. (2010). Identification and inactivation of pleiotropic regulator CepA to eliminate glucose repression of xylose utilization in Clostridium acetobutylicum. Metab Eng, 12, 446-454. 

Msadek T, Kunst F, Rapoport G. MecB of Bacillus subtiiis is a pleiotropic regulator of the CIpC ATPase family, contolling competence gene expression and survival at high temperature. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994 91 5788-5792. 

Bibb 2005 Martin and Liras 2010). We will refer to the well-known streptomycin and cephamycin/clavnlanic acid regnlatory cascades as model systems, but the tylosin regulatory cascade and other similar cascades are also well known (Cundliffe 2008). In all these cases the top position in the regulatory cascade is occupied by (i) a butyrolactone receptor protein (BRP) in coordination with its cognate butyrolactone molecnle (Takano 2006), or (ii) a pleiotropic regulator (e.g. AreB dgR) that governs butyrolactone biosynthesis, and therefore, the butyrolactone-dependent cascade. 

Some pleiotropic regulators connect primary and secondary metabolism. This is the case of AreB of S. clavuligerus and its orthologue NdgR in S. coelicolor (Santamarta et al. 2005 Yang et al. 2009), and also of DasR. 

Different types of wide-domain (also named pleiotropic) regulators are known in Streptomyces. Some of them, including the paired two component systems, the orphan response regulators and the stringent response (Gdmez-Escribano et al. 2(X)8) have been reviewed elsewhere (Bibb 2005 Liras et al. 2008 Martm et al. 2012b) and therefore are only summarized in this article. 

Although blood pressure control follows Ohm s law and seems to be simple, it underlies a complex circuit of interrelated systems. Hence, numerous physiologic systems that have pleiotropic effects and interact in complex fashion have been found to modulate blood pressure. Because of their number and complexity it is beyond the scope of the current account to cover all mechanisms and feedback circuits involved in blood pressure control. Rather, an overview of the clinically most relevant ones is presented. These systems include the heart, the blood vessels, the extracellular volume, the kidneys, the nervous system, a variety of humoral factors, and molecular events at the cellular level. They are intertwined to maintain adequate tissue perfusion and nutrition. Normal blood pressure control can be related to cardiac output and the total peripheral resistance. The stroke volume and the heart rate determine cardiac output. Each cycle of cardiac contraction propels a bolus of about 70 ml blood into the systemic arterial system. As one example of the interaction of these multiple systems, the stroke volume is dependent in part on intravascular volume regulated by the kidneys as well as on myocardial contractility. The latter is, in turn, a complex function involving sympathetic and parasympathetic control of heart rate intrinsic activity of the cardiac conduction system complex membrane transport and cellular events requiring influx of calcium, which lead to myocardial fibre shortening and relaxation and affects the humoral substances (e.g., catecholamines) in stimulation heart rate and myocardial fibre tension. 

An increasing amount of data has recently led to better insight into the pleiotropic effects of HDAC inhibitors, demonstrating that HDACs also act as regulators of cellular processes such as proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis through deacetylation of other protein substrates. 

IFNs are pleiotropic cellular modulators. Antitumor effects are postulated to result from either a direct effect on functional capacity or antigenic composition of tumor cells, or from an indirect effect on the modulation of immune effector cell populations that interact with tumor cells. IFNs regulate gene expression, modulate expression of proteins on the cell surface, and activate enzymes that modulate cellular growth. On... 

Schal, C., Holbrook, G. L., Bachmann, J. A. S. and Sevala, V. L. (1997). Reproductive biology of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica juvenile hormone as a pleiotropic master regulator. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 35 405 126. 

NF-kB is a family of pleiotropic transcription factors that regulate the expression of a wide variety of genes. These genes are involved in various biological functions... 

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