Plating electro

The most efficient system devised by Monsanto uses electrodes fabricated from carbon steel plate, electro-coated on one face with cadmium. These are stacked in parallel so that the electrolyte can be pumped through the gap between successive plates. Overall tire system forms a series of electrochemical cells with a cadmium cathode and a carbon steel anode. Each plate of metal forms the cathode of one cell and the anode of the next in the stack. Electric current is passed across the stack. The electrolyte contains phosphate and borate salts as corrosion inhibitors, EDTA to chelate any cadmium and iron ions generated by corrosion together with hex-amethylenebis(ethyldibutylammonium) phosphate to provide the necessary telraal-kylammonium ions. This electrolyte circulates through the cell from a reservoir and there is provision for the introduction of acjylonitrile and water as feedstock. The overall cell reaction is ... 

Electrogalvanizing Electrography Electrogravimetry Electrohydrodynamics Electro-Katadyn process Electrokinetics Electroless deposition Electroless nickel Electroless plating... 

Electroforrning, which is used in the production of art objects or jewelry is a combination of electroless plating and electro deposition. A wax mold of the object to be produced is made conductive by electroless gold plating, a thick layer of gold or gold alloy is then electrodeposited and, finally, the wax is removed by melting (134). 

Fig. 35. Schematic diagram of a plate-and-frame electro dialysis stack. Alternating cation- and anion-permeable membranes are arranged in a stack of up to...

Many electroless coppers also have extended process Hves. Bailout, the process solution that is removed and periodically replaced by Hquid replenishment solution, must still be treated. Better waste treatment processes mean that removal of the copper from electroless copper complexes is easier. Methods have been developed to eliminate formaldehyde in wastewater, using hydrogen peroxide (qv) or other chemicals, or by electrochemical methods. Ion exchange (qv) and electro dialysis methods are available for bath life extension and waste minimi2ation of electroless nickel plating baths (see... 

Mercury layers plated onto the surface of analytical electrodes serve as Hquid metal coatings. These function as analytical sensors (qv) because sodium and other metals can be electroplated into the amalgam, then deplated and measured (see Electro analytical techniques). This is one of the few ways that sodium, potassium, calcium, and other active metals can be electroplated from aqueous solution. In one modification of this technique, a Hquid sample can be purified of trace metals by extended electrolysis in the presence of a mercury coating (35). 

Plating and Coatings. Thin surface coatings of platinum and platinum alloys are used as decorative finishes and in critical appHcations where it is necessary to provide finishes resistant to corrosion or high temperature, eg, coatings on jet-engine turbine components (258). Compounds used in the electro deposition of platinum are based on Pt(Il) and Pt(IV) and include H2[PtCl3] and its salts, eg, Pt—P—Salt, [Pt(NH3)2(N02)2] H2[Pt(S04)(N02)2] ... 

Aqueous Electrodeposition. The theory of electro deposition is well known (see Electroplating). Of the numerous metals used in electro deposition, only 10 have been reduced to large-scale commercial practice. The most commonly plated metals are chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, rhodium, silver, cadmium, tin, and gold, followed by the less frequendy plated metals iron, cesium, platinum, and palladium, and the infrequendy plated metals indium, mthenium, and rhenium. Of these, only platinum, rhodium, iddium, and rhenium are refractory. 

Characteristic Evaporation Ion plating Sputtering Chemical vapor deposition Electro- dep 0 sitio n Thermal spraying... 

Klippe./. cliff, rock, crag bluff reef. Klippfisch, m. stockfish, dried fish, klirren, v.i. clink, clatter, rattle, scratch, Klischee, n. engraved plate, stereotype, cliche electrotype, electro. 

A fuel cell has two basic elements a fuel delivery system and an electro-chemical cell that converts the delivered fuel into useful electricity. It is this unique combination that enables fuel cells to potentially offer the best features of both heat engines and batteries. Like batteries, the cell generates a dc electric output and is quiet, clean, and shape-flexible, and may be manufactured using similar plate and filmrolling processes. By contrast, the fuel delivery system ensures that fuel cells, like heat engines, can be... 

A smooth heat transfer surface can be obtained. If necessary, the plate can be electro-polished. 

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