Plastics, Ionic

C. B. Appetechi, F. Croce, B. Scrosati, and M. Wahihera, Proc. Electrochem. Soc. 18 488 (1997). Li-Mn02 cells separated by plastic ionic membrane. 

In order to enable melt processing of ion containing polymers, such as S-EPDM, it is necessary to introduce a mechanism that weakens the ionic interactions. This can be achieved by the addition of a polar ingredient that would plasticize" ionic domains at elevated temperatures only. A variety of such ionic-plasticizers were described by Makowski and Lundberg (10). A particularly attractive combination was found to be zinc stearate with a zinc salt of S-EPDM. It was shown that for such a combination melt... 

In addition to the more conventional plasticizers, ionic plasticizers are also used. This is specific case of plasticization which acts on different segments of ionomers. lonomers are composed of polymeric chains which have certain number of ionic groups. The ionic groups that are distinct from the nonpolar polymer chain form aggregates known as mul-tiplets. The multiplets are ionic crosslinks surrounded by matrix of polymer chains. At a certain ionic content, the restricted mobility of ionic crosslinks becomes the significant factor in determining the glass transition temperature of the ionomer. 

A number of companies seek to overcome the limitations of existing materials by using conducting polymers for ESD protection. The main methods currently in use are ionic conductors, carbon-black-filled plastics and vacuum metallized plastics. Ionic conductors operate by absorbing moisture from the atmosphere to form a conductive surface Q/square). 

Other kinds of gel polymer electrolytes are obtained mainly by changing the structure of the polymer matrix and the plasticizer (ionic liquid). 

Chem. Descrip. Partial amide of higher m.w. unsat. polycarboxylic acid in 50% dii-sodecyl phthalate plasticizer Ionic Nature Anionic... 

Substances in this category include Krypton, sodium chloride, and diamond, as examples, and it is not surprising that differences in detail as to frictional behavior do occur. The softer solids tend to obey Amontons law with /i values in the normal range of 0.5-1.0, provided they are not too near their melting points. Ionic crystals, such as sodium chloride, tend to show irreversible surface damage, in the form of cracks, owing to their brittleness, but still tend to obey Amontons law. This suggests that the area of contact is mainly determined by plastic flow rather than by elastic deformation. 

Physical and ionic adsorption may be either monolayer or multilayer (12). Capillary stmctures in which the diameters of the capillaries are small, ie, one to two molecular diameters, exhibit a marked hysteresis effect on desorption. Sorbed surfactant solutes do not necessarily cover ah. of a sohd iaterface and their presence does not preclude adsorption of solvent molecules. The strength of surfactant sorption generally foUows the order cationic > anionic > nonionic. Surfaces to which this rule apphes include metals, glass, plastics, textiles (13), paper, and many minerals. The pH is an important modifying factor in the adsorption of all ionic surfactants but especially for amphoteric surfactants which are least soluble at their isoelectric point. The speed and degree of adsorption are increased by the presence of dissolved inorganic salts in surfactant solutions (14). 

The obtained results exhibit the efficacy of using the mentioned ionic pairs as electrode-active substances for plasticized ionoselective electrodes. 

It has been found that the influence of the membrane composition on the ISE selectivity is mainly governed by substitution degree of the nitrogen atom, but virtually does not depend upon the length of hydrocarbon substituents. The key factor in the selectivity of DBP-plasticized membranes with both kinds of ion-exchangers and of the o-NPOE-TNOBS-membrane is the ionic... 

Non-ionic surfactants used in detergents, paints, herbicides, pesticides and plastics. Breakdown products, such as nonylphenol and octylphenol, are found in sewage and industrial efffuents Products of combustion of many materials Widely used as plasticisers for PVC. Common environmental pollutants... 

The stable sodium ion has a positive charge because it is short of one electron and the chlorine atom is negatively charged for the converse reason. Ionic bonds are seldom found in polymers of current interest as plastics materials although the ionic bond is important in ion-exchange resins and in the ionomers (see Chapter 11). 

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