Plastics from food

Kondyli E, Demertzis PG, Kontominas MG. 1992. Migration of dioctylphthalate and dioctyladipate plasticizers from food-grade PVC films into ground-meat products. Food Chem 45 163-168. 

Badeka, A.B. and Kontominas, M.G. (1996). Effect of microwave heating on the migration of dioctyladipate and acetyltributylcitrate plasticizers from food grade PVC and PVDC/PVC films into olive oil and water, Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch., 202, 4, 313-317. 

Large quantities of fat are used from the fast food industry these fats may have dissolved plastics from restaurant wrappers which can restrict spray no22le orifices as the fats cool duting sprayiag on pet foods (see Fats and fatty oils). 

Analysis of substances migrating from food contact plastics is possible at very low levels in real foods. Volatile species are the easiest to determine. 

Polymer-bound antioxidants must be molecularly dispersed (i.e. infinitely soluble) and cannot be physically lost from the substrate. High-MW phenolic AOs are preferred for applications requiring FDA approval, minimal discoloration, and long service life at high temperatures. Antioxidants are used for protection of polymers, plastics, elastomers, foods, fuels and lubricants. 

Sidwell and Zondervan [10] used LC-MS with APCI detection for the identification and quantification of extractable antioxidants from food-contact plastic materials. Identification is based on the presence of the molecular ion (M + FI)+, (M—H) , other key ions or on further ion breakdown (MSn) transitions. The following antioxidant/stabiliser types were examined hindered phenols,... 

The enforcement in Denmark of EU Directives on food packaging materials is discussed. Enforcement activities considered include studies of total migration from food contact materials, migration from kitchen-and tableware made of melamine plastics and migration of di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate from plasticised PVC films. Activities which need to be undertaken to increase the effectiveness of enforcement activities in the field of migration are described, including development of selfinspection programmes in industry, European network of enforcement, more rapid analysis and provision of information to the consumer. 2 refs. 

Castle L, Gilbert J, Eklund T (1990) Migration of plasticizer from poly(vinyl chloride) milk tubing. Food Addit Contam 7 591-596... 

Experimental investigations and assessments show that the average person takes in about 2 g a year of external plasticizers. Most of this is from traces of DOA migrating from food packaging. The so-called no observed effect level (NOEL) for DOA in rodents is about 40 mg/kg of body weight per day. Extrapolation for a person equates to 1000 g of plasticizer... 

Badeka and Kontominas (1996) reported the efifect of microwave heating on the migration of di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate from food-grade PVC into olive oil and water. Migration was dependent on heating time, microwave power setting, the nature of the food simulant and the initial concentration of the plasticizer in the film. 

Carbon is something we encounter every day. Graphite, which is pure carbon, is the lead in pencils. Diamonds are carbon and so is charcoal. Some hard coals are up to 98% carbon. Carbon is also present in all living things. Forests, for example, are made almost entirely of carbon-containing compounds. Carbon and carbon compounds are widely used as raw materials in industrial products. Many plastics, detergents, foods, and medicines are made from carbon-containing compounds. 

Castle L, Mayo A, Gilbert J. 1989. Migration of plasticizers from printing inks into food. Food Addit Contam 6 437-443. 

Huber, M., and Franz, R. (1997). Studies on contamination of post-consumer plastics from controlled resources for recycling into food packaging applications. Deutsche lebensmittel-Rundschan 93(10), 328-331. (In Franz, R., and Welle, F. (2003). Recycling packaging materials. Ch. 23. In "Novel Food Packaging Teclmiques" (R. Ahvenainen, ed.), pp. 497-518. Woodhead, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL). 

The rate of migration of low molecular weight residual molecules from plastics into foods and interactions of the plastics with food components or other filled products depends on the molecular structure and the macroscopic (aggregate) nature of the plastic material. In order to perform useful estimations of mass transfers, for example from plastics to food, a basic knowledge of the structure of the plastic and food components and their influences on this phenomenon is necessary. 

Three different approaches have been presented for estimating the partitioning of solutes between plastics and liquids. In the context of evaluating the output from these different approaches it is also useful to define the expected experimental ranges and limits for partition coefficients based on the solutes, plastic and contacting liquid phases involved. Table 4-9 shows approximate upper and lower limits for partition coefficients one may normally encounter in plastic/food systems based on the polarities of the solutes, plastics and foods. The table also gives approximate ranges of partition coefficient values for various solutes between typical food contact plastics and liquid phases. 

Pari 1 Guide to the lest methods for specific migration of substances from plastics into food and food simulants and the determination of substances in plastics and the selection of conditions of exposure to food simulants ... 

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