Plant formation

KREUZALER, F., HAHLBROCK, F., Enzymatic synthesis of aromatic compounds in higher plants. Formation of fe-noryangonin (4-hydroxy-6[4-hydroxystyryl]2-pyrone) from p-coumaroyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1975, 169, 84-90. 

Kreuzaler F, Hahlbrock K (1972) Enzymatic synthesis of aromatic compounds in higher plants formation of naringenin (5,7,4 -trihydroxyflavanone) from p-coumaroyl coenzyme A and malonyl coenzyme A. FEBS Lett 28(l) 69-72... 

Fig. 25.3 The pathways that can be taken in the development of plant tissue and cell cultures starting from a part of a plant (explant). The explant can via direct embryogenesis or oganogenesis form embryos or shoot and roots, respectively, which can be converted into plants. In another path, the explant can form a callus, which can then be used to form a suspension culture. In addition, indirect organogenesis or embryogenesis of the callus can lead to plant formation...

Holdridge, L. R. (1947). Determination of World plant formations from simple climatic data. Science 105(2727), 367-368. 

Scenario of the distribution of soil-plant formation areas... 

In much the same way as Scenario (2.3), it is necessary to write similar relationships for all known types of plant formations and, using a global model, to evaluate the consequences of substitution of one type of vegetation cover for another (see Section 3.6.2 for details). But, of course, most important for studies is the process of substitution of forests for agricultural lands. At the present time, of the 148,000,000 km2 (57 million mi2) of land approximately 31,000,000 km2 (12 million mi2) are arable, and they expand at a rate of 100,000km2 (38,610mi2) per year. A major element of arable land loss is deforestation which continues to the present day, primarily in tropical countries through commercial over-exploitation of tropical forest. 

All models of the C02 cycle need improvement in the way they detail the spatial distribution of soil-plant formations and in the way they specify exchange processes in the ocean and at the atmosphere-ocean boundary. Accurate parameterizations of all studied elements of the biogeochemical carbon cycle should be synthesized into a single system. Such an attempt was made in the block scheme of the model shown in Figure 3.6. The main sources of C02 are the day-to-day activity of land and marine animals, photochemical reactions, decomposition of dead organic... 

Table 3.10 exemplifies the calculation of C02 sinks into the vegetation cover of Russia. Such calculations using the GMNSS demonstrate the dynamics of the C02 flux mosaic in the atmosphere-plant-soil system. Knowledge of this mosaic makes it possible to assess the role of specific types of soil-plant formations in the regional balance of carbon, and on this basis to calculate the global fluxes of carbon dioxide across the atmosphere-land border. Similar calculations are also possible for the atmosphere-ocean system. 

Table 3.9. Identifiers of the types of soil-plant formations in Figure 3.8. From Bazilevich and Rodin (1967).

Table 3.11. The dynamics of the ratio of integral rates of (Hf) C02 assimilation by vegetation cover from the atmosphere with the natural distribution of soil-plant formations (Figure 3.8) and with its transformation according to the scenario in the second column.

Soil-plant formation Carbon flow absorbed by vegetation (106 tC/yr)... 

Alkene Complexes. Of all the metals involved in biological systems only Cu reacts with ethylene, and a Cu1 complex is involved in binding C2H4 which acts as a hormone in plants. Formation constants can be determined in solutions and several complexes have been isolated, for example, Cu(C2H4)(bipy)+. The reaction... 

Franceschi VR, Nakata PA. Caicium oxalate in plants formation and function. Ann.Rev.Plant Biol. 2005 56 41-71. 

In bacteria and plastids of plants, formation of prenyl pyrophosphates, which are the precursors of carotenoids, proceeds via an alternative—the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate pyruvate pathway. The pathway is apparently the sole source of isoprenoid compounds for the unicellular algae Scenedesmus (Metzler 2003). Initially, pyruvate is decarboxylated by a l-deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate synthase and condensed with D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to form 1-deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate. This product may be the branching point for independent routes to isopentyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP). 

In tomatoes and other higher plants, formation of lycopene (5) from Z-phytoene (11) occurs via -carotene (16). Z-phytoene (11) is converted to Z-phytofluene (14), E-phytofluene (15), -carotene (16), neurosporene (17), and, finally, lycopene (5) by extracts of tomato fruit plastids (Fig. 26.5) (Porter et al., 1984 Spurgeon and Porter, 1983). 

Sarmiento, G., The dry plant formations of South America and their floristic connections, J. Biogeogr, 2, 233,... 

Shortly after sunrise, about 7 00-8 00, quartz is warmer than schist. At midnight, the two rocks are at about the same temperature. These observations, incidentally, have an exceptional value if, instead of two measurements in 24 h, we could have a series of observations (enabling us to draw curves similar to those in Figure 18), it would be possible to identify most rock, soil, and plant formations provided we had control curves in sufficient number the parameters of such curves would be stored in the computer. 

The second principle is linked to emissivity. The effects of height differences give way to this factor which now occupies the top position. As a result, the distribution of geological outcroppings, or of plant formations as the case may be, is strongly accented. 

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