Plants carbon dioxide fixation

Carbon Carbon dioxide fixation (CO2 organic Photosynthetic organisms plants, algae. 

J. F. Johnson, D. L. Allan, C. P. Vance, and G. Weiblen, Root carbon dioxide fixation by phosphorus-deficient Lupinus albus. Plant Physiol. 7/2 19 (1996). 

Calvin established the pathway for carbon dioxide fixation in higher plants. 

Ozone causes both quantitative and qualitative changes in carbon dioxide fixation patterns. Wilkinson and Bames, using carbon dioxide-found a reduction in radioactivity in soluble sugars and increases in free amino acids and sugar phosphates in white pine after a 10-min exposure to ozone at 0.10 ppm. Miller observed a decrease in carbon dioxide-fixation in ponderosa pines that correlated with loss of chlorophyll, after exposure to ozone at 0.30-0.35 ppm. The Hill reaction rates of chloroplasts isolated from healthy and ozone-injured ponderosa pine indicated that both light and dark reactions of the chloroplasts from ozone-injured plants were depressed. Barnes found depressed photosynthesis and stimulated respiration in seedlings of four pine species of the southeastern United States after exposure to ozone at 0.15 ppm. 

Chloroplasts of higher plants are saucer-shaped, and from 4 to 10 ym in diameter and 1 to 3 ym thick. The chlorophyll is concentrated in bodies within the chloroplasts called grana, which are about 0.4 ym in diameter. Under the electron microscope, the grana appear as highly organized, precisely stacked lamellae, to which the chlorophyll is bound, imbedded in a stroma matrix. The light and associated electron transport reactions take place in the lamellae, whereas enzymes involved in carbon dioxide fixation are located in the stroma. 

Starvation. The early reports that Hill inhibitors limited photosynthesis and that starch disappeared from treated plants, prompted some investigators to refer to these compounds as photosynthesis inhibitors. Photosynthesis is inhibited because ATP and NADFH are not available for carbon dioxide fixation. However, there is little evidence that the plants starve to death. If this were the only process affected, phytotoxic symptoms should resemble those that appear on plants kept in total darkness. Deficiency of photosynthate does limit new growth, but does not account for the morphological alterations that occur within a few hours after treatment. The mechanisms that lead to phytotoxicity appear to be considerably more complex than would result from limiting carbohydrate synthesis by suppression of carbon dioxide fixation (2). ... 

Benson, A. A., and Calvin, M. 1950. Carbon dioxide fixation by green plants. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 1, 25-42. 

Atmospheric carbon dioxide measurements as Manna Loa, Hawaii. These measurements show annual cycles resulting from seasonal variation in carbon dioxide fixation by the Calvin cycle in terrestrial plants. Much of this fixation takes place in rain forests, which account for approximately 50% of terrestrial fixation. [Dennis Potokar/Photo Researchers.]... 

In plants and some other eukaryotes, pentoses are components of cell wall polysaccharides such as xylans and arabinogalactans. More interestingly, all green forms of life, i. e., those that perform photosynthesis, contain ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (often abbreviated as Rubisco) as the central enzyme involved in carbon dioxide fixation. Consequently, this enzyme has become of interest in numerous genetic engineering projects aimed at the improvement of photosynthesis in agriculturally important plants [4]. 

Both classes of reactions are common to various biological systems plants and bacteria. Enzymes involved in carbon dioxide fixation or utilisation may have a metal as the active site [3]. 

Hart A, Murrel JC, Poole RK, Norris PR (1991) An acid-stable cytochrome in iron-oxidizing Leptospirillum ferrooxidans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 81 89-94 Hatch MD, Slack CR, Johnson HS (1967) Further studies on a new pathway of photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation in sugar-cane and its occurrence in other plant species. Biochem J 102 417-422... 

Ferredoxins, A group of electron transfer factors found in plants and bacteria, which are non-heme iron sulfur proteins and which play an important role in photosynthesis, nitrogen and carbon dioxide fixation, and respiration. They are generally classified by the presence of either 2 or 4 iron atom clusters and an equivalent amount of inor-... 

The reactions of the Calvin cycle, which is the process of carbon dioxide fixation in plants (also known as the dark cycle), are listed below ... 

Mazelis, M. and B. Vennesland Carbon dioxide fixation into oxalacetate in higher plants Plant Physiol. 32 (1957) 591-600. 

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