Plant size maximum effective

The effect of plant capacity on investment can be seen from Fig. 8.2-3. Costs of around 245 million DM, or only 817 DM/t on the 1997 basis, are required for plants equipped with maximum-stream-size reactors of 300,000 t/a. The data can be extrapolated to actual (1998) costs by means of the price index of 1.01 published in [1], These plants with large design capacities have significantly reduced specific investment costs. 

Since 0.47 MJ of solar energy is trapped as chemical energy in this process, the maximum efficiency for total white light absorption is 28.1%. Further adjustments are usually made to account for the percentages of photosyntheti-cally active radiation in white light that can actually be absorbed, and respiration. The fraction of photosynthetically active radiation in solar radiation that reaches the earth is estimated to be about 43%. The fraction of the incident light absorbed is a function of many factors such as leaf size, canopy shape, and reflectance of the plant it is estimated to have an upper limit of 80%. This effectively corresponds to the utilization of 8 photons out of every 10 in the active incident radiation. The third factor results from biomass respiration. A portion of the stored energy is used by the plant, the amount of which... 

Previous pilot plant operations have shown that the effectiveness of carbon adsorption processes in removing humic substances from raw water sources is limited. Most of the commercially available active carbons with high specific surface, iodine index and phenol index have a pore size distribution with a maximum of pores of a relatively low average diameter. For reason the adsorption capacity and rate towards larger-sized molecules is quite low. This was one of the incentives for the authors to start a search for alternative activated carbons. This paper will deal with the evaluation of a first generation of such activated carbons on the basis of widely used adsorption tests and an experimental comparison of their capacity towards several humic substances. 

At the Hanford plant, a variety of irradiated fuel elements require safe storage prior to reprocessing. Arrays of such subcritical units may be safely stored in water if a water gap between units, s ifficient to inhibit excess neutron interaction, is provided. The size of the gap is limited by the composition of the unit, the k-effec-tive of the unit and the maximum k-effective permitted for the array. In the past, a computer calculation has often been necessary to determine array safety but a simple relationship for determining safe unit spacing for less than complete isolation has been developed which can be used in many studies and which can reduce computer calculation. 

There is little in the literature on the effect of plant age on the development of volatile flavor components, however Freeman [70] has reported on flavor formation during onion seed germination and growth. It appears that after approximately 20 days, onion flavor potential is completely developed. The seed itself contains no flavor precursors (cysteine sulfoxide derivatives) and only about 3% the aUiinase activity (enzyme) of mature onion bulbs. However, the plant quickly develops alliinase activity and a maximum activity is reached after 15-20 days. Therefore, flavor is developed well before the plant is of suitable size for consumption. 

The catalyst particle size and shape should be optimized to achieve maximum activity and maximum heat transfer while minimizing the pressure drop. The high mass velocities in steam reforming plants (Gm = 40.000 - 70.000 kg m % 0 necessitate a relatively large catalyst particle size to obtain a low pressure drop across the catalyst bed but the particle size is limited by the requirement for effective packing. The pressure drop depends strongly on the void fraction of the packed bed and decreases with particle size (Figure 7). 

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