Pipeline gaseous

The principal options for hydrogen transport and distribution include pipelines, gaseous and liquid trailers. The choice for the most economic option depends on transport volumes and transport distances. For the transport of liquid hydrogen, additionally the costs of the liquefaction plant need to be taken into account. Another possibility could be to blend hydrogen with natural gas up to a certain extent and either separate the two at the delivery point, or use the mixture, e.g., in... 

Chlorine is produced as a gas that is used captively, transferred to customers via pipeline, or Hquefied. Liquid chlorine, of higher purity than gaseous chlorine, is either used internally by the producers or marketed. The percentage of U.S. chlorine gas production subsequently Hquefied has increased over the past ten years reflecting higher demand for high purity chlorine. This percentage was 60.7% in 1978 and 81.1% in 1987 (5). The majority of this chlorine is consumed captively. 

High Heat- Value Gas. High heat-value (high Btu) gas (7) has a heating value usually in excess of 33.5 MJ/m (900 Btu/fT). This is the gaseous fuel that is often referred to as substitute or synthetic natural gas (SNG), or pipeline-quaHty gas. It consists predominantiy of methane and is compatible with natural gas insofar as it may be mixed with, or substituted for, natural gas. 

Acetylene from calcium carbide can be advantageous in that calcium carbide may be shipped to the point of acetylene usage and acetylene generated on the spot. This avoids the necessity for low pressure, low pressure-drop gaseous acetylene pipelines, or high pressure cylinders for shipping acetylene. 

Homogeneous reactions are those in which the reactants, products, and any catalysts used form one continuous phase (gaseous or liquid). Homogeneous gas phase reactors are almost always operated continuously, whereas liquid phase reactors may be batch or continuous. Tubular (pipeline) reactors arc normally used for homogeneous gas phase reactions (e.g., in the thermal cracking of petroleum of dichloroethane lo vinyl chloride). Both tubular and stirred tank reactors are used for homogeneous liquid phase reactions. 

Pipeline reactor for gaseous or liquid phase reactions Turbulent 1 or 2 six-element modules... 

Turbo-alternators These find an application in pipeline cathodic protection systems, particularly where the liquid or gaseous product in the pipeline can be used as a fuel. The turbo-alternator is usually supplied as part of a complete and fully assembled package incorporating fuel pressure controls, filters, a.c./d.c. conversion and d.c. output controls. System capacity would typically fall within the range 200-3(XX)W. 

Natural gas has replaced coal to a great extent for domestic and industrial heating. This is a consequence of installation of very large pipelines from producing to consuming places, the rise in solid fuel price, convenience, cleanliness, controllability and versatility as a fuel. The by-product gaseous fuels, coke oven gas and blast furnace gas are well-known important fuel for the ferrous industry, and require no further elaboration. 

Gaseous hydrogen delivery pathway via pipelines and tube trailers. (After U.S. Department of Energy Hydrogen, fuel cells and infrastructure technologies program multi-year research, development and demonstration plan, Section 3.2, Hydrogen Delivery, January 21, 2005.)... 

The analysis showed, with various "value adders" (e.g., oxygen sales and carbon-emission-offset credits), the cost of wind-source gaseous hydrogen delivered by pipelines from production point to distant markets (about 200-1000 mi.) at an untaxed wholesale energy unit cost will be competitive with market prices (in 2005) of gasoline and hydrogen fuel made from natural gas by steam methane reforms (SMRs). 

Hydrogen diffusivity as a function of temperature. The effective diffusivity data of X52 and X65 pipeline steels obtained under gaseous hydrogen charging conditions are compared with the compiled results for the literature. (After Alefeld, G. and Volkl, J. Hydrogen in Metals I—Basic Properties, Springer, New York, 1978.)... 

Stress-strain curves and microstructure from specimens of pipeline steels precharged with high-pressure gaseous hydrogen at 20,000 psi and 100°C for 8 days (a) API X70, (b) API X70/X80 type, and (c) API X70/X80 type. 

Compression is an integral aspect of gaseous hydrogen delivery via pipelines. Figure 10.21 illustrates various sizes of compressors to be used in the pipeline [6]. 

Transporting gaseous hydrogen via a new pipeline requires high initial capital investment cost however, only a small fraction of the total cost of the pipeline infrastructure. Comprehensive R D efforts are needed and are being conducted for cost reduction,... 

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