Pioneer 10 and

Both Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 carried plaques showing what life on Earth is like, in the hope and expectation that any other life-form in the universe with which it might come into contact would know where the probe had come from and what its inventors were like. 

Presently the only available direct information regarding the ionosphere of Jupiter is based on the Pioneer 10 and 77, Voyager 1 and 2 and Galileo radio occultation measurements. Some indirect information, mainly auroral remote sensing observations, also provide some insight into certain ionospheric processes. 

The somewhat controversial field of the search for extraterrestrial intelligence has been treated in [7.104 7.105]. Radio astronomy tools have been used, but very recently the search has been extended to a search for po ible laser flashes from distant objects. The flrst two space craft to leave the solar system (Pioneer 10 and 11, launched in 1972 and 1973, respectively) carried a plaque with the frequencies of the 14 strongest pulsars, expressed with the hydrogen hfs frequency as a base, and with indications of their relative directions with regard to our solar system, as a sign of our own inteUigence [7.106] ... 

As on Mars, the principal contribution of infrared spectroscopy and radiometry to an understanding of the dynamics of the atmospheres of the outer planets has been the provision of information on the temperature fields. Ground-based measurements, data from the infrared radiometers on Pioneers 10 and 11, and measurements of infrared spectra from Voyager 1 and 2 have all provided significant information on atmospheric temperature structure. The largest set of spatially resolved data has been obtained by the Voyager infrared instruments. We will discuss analyses of those data to illustrate their usefulness. 

Gehrels, T. (1976). The results of the imaging photopolarimeter on Pioneers 10 and 11. In Jupiter, ed. T. Gehrels. Tucson The University of Arizona Press. 

The pioneering 10-MW Solar One plant in Barstow, California, produced the most successful central receiver tests. The plant was funded primarily by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and operated by Southern California Edison Company in the early to mid-1980s. EPRI provided technical evaluations of the experiment. The general conclusion drawn from Solar One and other experiments was that further substantial engineering development was needed. 

The pioneering work on polyorganosiloxanes dates back to 1863-1871, to the studies of Friedel, Crafts8 "10) and Ladenburg 11 However, it was F. S. Kipping and his coworkers who were first to demonstrate the polymeric siloxane structures in the early 1900 s12). Unfortunately, since their interest was mainly in small molecules, they did not recognize the importance of the polymers and polymerization in this field 13). 

Catalytic dehydrocoupling, as shown in reaction (3), was pioneered by Fink (6-10) and later studied by Andrianov et al (43). Although Fink described the synthesis of the first polysilazanes, (9) reaction (23), this route to oligo- and polysilazanes remained unexplored... 

The ratio of palmitic acid to stearic acid (P/S) can be used to differentiate between drying oils, since these two saturated monocarboxylic acids are less subject to chemical reactions during treatment and ageing. Also, they have a similar chemical reactivity, so their ratio can be hypothesized to be relatively unaltered during ageing. The P/S ratio approach was pioneered by Mills [10], and has been subsequently adopted in a number of studies [7 9]. Typical values of the P/S ratio are 1 2 for linseed oil, 2 3 for walnut oil, 3 8 for poppy seed oil and 2.5 3.5 for egg. 

House pioneered synthetic and mechanistic studies of cuprate reactions in the 1970s. His papers proposed a mechanism (Scheme 10.4) that assumes a singleelectron transfer (SET) from the dimer, producing a Cu" intermediate [56, 57). The SET/Cu theorem had a strong following for many years. However, most of the experimental facts listed below, once considered to support the SET process, are now no longer accepted as evidence of SET. Only the Cu" hypothesis has survived the test of time. 

The data base of some 27,000 powder diffraction patterns that is used in the CIS (5) is in fact a direct descendant of that with which Hanawalt carried out his pioneering work. A problem that arises in connection with this particular component stems from the fact that powders, as opposed to crystals, are frequently impure and so the patterns that are obtained experimentally are often combinations of one or more file entries. A reverse searching program, that examines the experimental data to see if each entry from the file is contained in it, has been written after the general approach of Abramson (23), and seems to cope with this particular difficulty. It is currently running in test on the NIH PDP-10 and will be made available to the scientific community during the latter part of 1978. 

Building on Inoue s pioneering work and using Andersson s versatile diamine, Kozmin and coworkers have described a catalytic base-induced isomerization of silacyclopentene oxide 139 [Eq. (10.41)] as a potential route to acyclic polyol domains, important components of a number of natural products. Epoxida-tion of 140, epoxide ring opening, and oxidation of the C—Si bonds provides tetra-ols in good overall yield and selectivity ... 

Gassman pioneered the use of Al-chloroamines for the formation of both alkyl and arylnitrenium Several examples are given in Figs. 13.10 and... 

Pioneering work on the mass spectra of Na clusters by Knight et at.34 provided the first insight that clusters and nuclear physics have something in common. They observed that Na clusters consisting of 2, 8, 10 and 40 atoms were unusually stable and coincided with the magic number in nuclear physics where nuclei with the same numbers of protons and/or neutrons were known to be very stable.34... 

My question to Prof. B. Kohler (as representative of the group of K. R. Wilson) is whether he would agree with S. A. Rice s classification that puts the technique of K. R. Wilson et al. [8] into strategy (ii) What are the fundamental analogies and what are the differences between their approach [8] and the Tannor-Rice-Kosloff-Rabitz approach (see Refs. 2 and 3 and current chapter) Finally, I should like to point to another strategy (iii) of laser control by vibrationally mediated chemistry that is achieved by IR + UV continuous-wave (CW) multiphoton transitions (see the pioneering papers by Letokhov [9] and sequel theoretical developments [10] and experimental applications [11]). 

The pioneering applications of molecular mechanics to coordination compounds were conformational analyses127,281. Recent applications involving the computation of conformer equilibria discussed in this chapter are studies of solution structure refinements126,29 1, racemate separations131 3il and the evaluation of reaction pathways11 1,34,3S1. The importance of conformer equilibria in the areas of electron transfer rates and redox potentials is discussed in Chapter 10, and many examples discussed in the other chapters of Part II indicate how important the prediction of conformational equilibria is in various areas of coordination chemistry. 

Within the QM continuum solvation framework, as in the case of isolated molecules, it is practice to compute the excitation energies with two different approaches the state-specific (SS) method and the linear-response (LR) method. The former has a long tradition [10-24], starting from the pioneering paper by Yomosa in 1974 [10], and it is related to the classical theory of solvatochromic effects the latter has been introduced few years ago in connection with the development of the LR theory for continuum solvation models [25-31],... 

The seminal work of Marcus and Hush has had a significant impact on the development of PET. Pioneering efforts by Sutin, Hopfield, Jortner, and others established the connection between thermal electron transfer and photoelectron transfer [6]. This work set the stage for a notable series of experiments where laser flash spectroscopy [7], chemically induced nuclear polarization [8], resonance Raman spectroscopy [9], time-resolved microwave conductivity [10], and time-resolved photoacoustic calorimetry [11], to site only a few examples, have been successfully employed to chart the dynamics of PET in homogeneous solution, the solid-state, and organized assemblies. 

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