Pine cone effect

Pine nuts (pinon or pignolia) are the edible seeds within the pine cone of several varieties of pine trees (Pinus sp.) but most commonly Pinus pinea or stone pine . Pine nuts are harvested all over the world, most notably in Russia, China, North Korea, Spain, Italy, and Turkey, among others. Pine nuts contain 48-61% lipids by weight (1, 60). Other constiments of pine nut include carbohydrate (19.3%), protein (11.6%), water (5.9%), and ash (2.2%) (1). Pine nut oil contains predominantly linoleic acid (46.4%) and oleic acid (38.1%). Maritime pine nut Pinus pinaster) oil also contains two fatty acids that are unique among tree nut oils pinoleic acid and sciadonic acid (Figure 2), which exist at 7% each in pine nut oU and may have antiatherogenic effects (Table 8) (63). The phenolic acid composition of defatted pine nut meal is given in Table 2 and shows that caffeic acid is the predominant phenolic compound (14). 

Queintitative measurements of the effect of metallic copjjer in the copper suUate-sulfuric acid solution on inter-grcmular attack were reported in 1959 [6]. Three types of tests were meide in flasks with cold finger or pine cone condensers (Fig. 7) (a) without metallic copper, (b) with a specimen of copper not in contact with the stainless steel specimen, emd (c) with copper (turnings) in contact with the stednless steel specimen. Results are shown in Fig. 8. Simul-temeous immersion of a copper specimen increased the rate of corrosion on a sensitized Typie 316 specimen by a factor of 8 in a 200-h test period. Contact of the stainless steel with the copper increased this factor to 34. 

In addition, hollow structures of calcite and disc-Hke hollow vaterite particles can be obtained by the cooperative template effects of the complex micelles formed by PEO-fo-PMAA and SDS and remaining free DHBC as inhibitor in solution [245]. The cationic surfactant CTAB, which can complex to the anionic PMAA groups of the DHBC, on the other hand yielded unusual calcite pine-cone shaped particles. The concept of PEO-h-PMAA-SDS micelles as template was further extended to the production of hollow submicrometer-sized Ag spheres [359]. 

The effects of sulfur dioxide on cone production have been described by Scheffer and Hedgcock and Pelz. Generally, the decrease in tree vigor caused by the pollutant may eliminate or lower the frequency of cone production and diminish the size, weight, and germination of seed. The effects of chronic ozone injury on conifer seed production may be similar, in that tree vigor is drastically reduced. The effects of chronic ozone injury on ponderosa and Jeffrey pine seed production are under investigation by Luck (in Kickert et al,... 

Effects on Seed Production. Moderately and severely damaged pon-derosa pines do not produce a cone crop when the more healthy individuals do. Although no quantitative data have been taken to substantiate this particular case, there is evidence that vigorous trees are much better seed producers than less vigorous individuals (27). Fowells and Schubert... 

There were a number of traditional aboriginal uses of jack pine (Maries et al., 2000), some of which are inner bark and needles processed to yield poultice to treat wounds and frostbite pitch chewed as a medicinal dried cones used in tanning of hides roots used to make baskets, and fish hooks made from knots. The wood was used for cabins, boat planks, fishnet floats and fiielwood. Though less effective than spruce (Picea) pitch, pine pitch could also be used for caulking. 

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