Pillaring, concept

According to these basic concepts, molecular recognition implies complementary lock-and-key type fit between molecules. The lock is the molecular receptor and the key is the substrate that is recognised and selected to give a defined receptor—substrate complex, a coordination compound or a supermolecule. Hence molecular recognition is one of the three main pillars, fixation, coordination, and recognition, that lay foundation of what is now called supramolecular chemistry (8—11). 

The book begins with a chapter describing the history and growth of CALPHAD. This provides a useful point of departure for a more detailed account of the various strands which make up the CALPHAD approach. Chapters 3 and 4 then deal with the basic thermodynamics of phase diagrams and the principles of various experimental techniques. This is because one of basic pillars of the CALPHAD approach is the concept of coupling phase diagram information with all other available thermodynamic properties. It is a key factor in the assessment and characterisation of the lower-order systems on which the properties of the higher-... 

There has evolved over the past three decades a set of general concepts that have revolutionized the way we regard and study systems in nature. Their basic premises run counter to the Newtonian reductionistic approaches and might thus be labelled post-Newtonian concepts. The central theme of this new philosophy is the recognition that the behaviour and properties of a system are non-linear combinations of the subsystems. Such a system is endowed with complexity and displays specific properties that emerge from dynamic interactions between the subsystems. We discuss briefly complexity and emergence as the two pillars of post-Newtonian thought. 

E. Amaldi, Radioactivity, a Pragmatic Pillar of Probabilistic Conceptions, p. 1 of the volume Problems in the Foundations of Physics, edited by G. Toraldo di Francia, North-Holland, Amsterdam, New York, Oxford, 1979. 

Abstract The basic concepts of traceability as they are defined by the Comite Consultatif pour la Quantite de Matiere (CCQM) are difficult to apply to some chemical results. For instance, for some environments or chemical analyses measurement results are expressed in conventional units. Such units are realized on conventional scales relying on two fundamental pillars reference materials and standard specification. The octane number of fuel or water turbidity measure-... 

More directly, solid state physics contributed to the emergence of materials science, because of one of its foci. Spencer Weart identified three pillars on which solid state physics was erected First, X-ray diffraction techniques provided precise atomic picture of solids second, quantum mechanics provided the theoretical foundations for the description of solids and the third, more subtle pillar was the attempt to discriminate between properties depending on the idealized crystal pattern and properties dependent on accidents of either the inner arrangement or the surface of the solid. [13] This focus on structure-sensitive-properties can be seen as the main investigative pathway, to resume Frederic L. Holmes s concept, which lead to materials science. 

Chemistry became a real science when the first additivity concept was introduced the mass of a molecule as the sum of the additive masses A of the composing atoms (based on the law of conservation of mass). But from the beginning it was clear that interaction is the second pillar of chemistry and physics. Additivity is valid as long as interaction is weak or follows simple laws discrepancies arise when interactions become strong or follow complicated laws. 

Along this same topic we re going to introduce another concept at this juncture and talk about the Qabalah. And introduce it to your attention is all we can hope to do for, like Astrology, it is a study in itself. In fact, Alchemy, Astrology and Qabalah form the three pillars of the Hermetic Art. 

We now report the first extension of the concept of pillaring to the realm of zeolites. By exploiting the lamellar nature of the precursor to zeolite MCM-22 ( as-synthesized MCM-22 ) [8] we have synthesized the first zeolite-based pillared molecular sieve, designated MCM-36 [9]. The following describes physical characterization of MCM-36, which unequivocally establishes its existence as a novel large pore pillared material with zeolite properties. 

Life cycle costing (LCC), also called life cycle management (LCM), is another toolbox based on life cycle concepts [83, 84]. It includes aspects related to the three pillars of sustainability an environmental tool, an economic tool and a social tool. 

A third conclusion, which follows directly from the results presented here, is that if one purposefully wants to design intercalated systems for which different spatial distributions of pillaring cations influence in a signiflcant way the overall reaction efficiency, the way to achieve this is to utilize small crystallites of smectite clays rather than extended, ordered arrays. Decreasing the size of the crystallite will also influence the relative efficiency of two- versus three-dimensional flows of the reactant to the target molecule. This is consistent with, and is another illustration of, the Adam-Delbruck concept of reduction of dimensionality. ... 

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