Pigments nitrogen containing

The reaction of dextrose with a nitrogen-containing compound, eg, amino acids or proteins, yields a series of intermediates which form pigments of varied molecular weight (Maikard reaction). The type of pigments produced is dependent on reaction conditions such as pH, temperature, and concentration of reactants. 

Betalains are water-soluble nitrogen-containing pigments responsible for the red and violet (betacyanins class) and yellow (betaxanthins class) colors found in many flowers, fruits, and occasionally in vegetative tissues of plants of most families of the Caryophyllales order (except the Caryophyllaceae and Molluginaceae families, which have anthocyanins instead)." ... 

The commercially interesting metal complex pigments usually contain the co-ordinative tetravalent Cu+ + or Ni+ + ions, less commonly Co++ ions. The fourth coordination site is typically occupied by a solvent molecule with a free electron pair. It may also be engaged by the second nitrogen atom of a different pigment molecule, a phenomenon which is observed in azo complexes and similar materials. In the latter case, sandwich structures are obtained [5]. The copper and nickel complexes are mostly planar molecules. 

Sun Y-F, Huang W, Lu C-G et al (2009) The synthesis, two-photon absorption and blue upconversion fluorescence of novel, nitrogen-containing heterocyclic chromophores. Dye Pigment 81 10-17... 

Schmeltz et al. (3499) studied the pyrolysis (800-860 °C, nitrogen atmosphere) of nitrogen-containing materials (tobacco, tobacco pigment, nicotine) and reported ... 

Compounds derived from amino acids include cellular proteins, hormones, neu-rotransmitters, creatine phosphate, the heme of hemoglobin and the cytochromes, the skin pigment melanin, and the purine and pyrimidine bases of nucleotides and nucleic acids. In fact, all of the nitrogen-containing compounds of the body are synthesized from amino acids. Many of these pathways are outlined in the following chapters of the book. 

Several other nitrogen-containing metabolites, notably the bile pigments, are also excreted. These are degradation products of hemoglobin and various porphyrin-containing molecules. 

Examples of tetrapyrroles include porphyrins and porphyrin derivatives and more specifically, chlorophylls, heme pigments and bilins. Examples of tetra-terpenoids or carotenoids include carotenes and xanthophylls. Examples of quinines include benzo-quinones, anthraquinones and naphthiquinones. Examples of oxygen-containing heterocyclic compounds such as flavonoids include anthocyanins and flavonols. Examples of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds include indigoids and indole derivatives, such as betalaines and eumelanins, and substituted pyrimidines such as pterins and purines. 

In addition to tetrapyrrole pigments, foods contain many other nitrogenous pigments. These pigments are theoretically derived from ... 

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